Advertising Speech Outline

Angela Martin GP- To Advertise SP- To Advertise to my audience the benefits of using Febreze odor eliminating products CI- Febreze is a brand of household odor eliminator manufactured by Proctor & Gamble that is a highly-effective odor remover for cooking, animal, work and smoke odors. A home is truly the heart of the family, so having a home that’s happy, good-smelling, and comfortable and clean is important to life. Febreze Odor Eliminator can help you breathe a lot easier in your home. Febreze just doesn’t cover up odors; it penetrates deep into fabrics and the air to eliminate odors and leaves a light fresh scent.Using Febreze is just another way to make you breathe happy and keep your surroundings smelling fresh. For this reason, I’d like to share with you some of the benefits of using Febreze Odor Eliminating products. In the next few minutes, I will discuss: 1) What Febreze is and where it comes from; 2) The active ingredients that makes it work; and 3) Th e safety and the availability of Febreze products. I. In 1998, Procter and Gamble (P&G) introduced a new household product intended to enable consumers to remove odors from fabrics A.Febreze is classified as an air freshener by Proctor and Gamble 1. According to Chemical and Engineering News, Procter & Gamble introduced a cyclodextrin-containing fabric spray called Febreze. When sprayed on a fabric, some of the cyclodextrins in the product release a pleasant fragrance. 2. This product uses a compound called cyclodextrin, which has a cone-shape which allows it to trap volatile molecules that cause odors. B. All kinds of Febreze, scented or unscented, have the same active ingredient. It is beta-cyclodextrin, which is a carbohydrate. 1.Specifically, it is an eight-sugar ringed molecule that is made during the conversion of starch. 2. It is typically made from the starch found in corn 3. The cornfields of the Midwest make cleaning products, too! II. Febreze works well in the home or car . No matter where you find musty or smelly fabric, Febreze can eliminate the odors quickly without leaving a heavy residue of its own scent. A. Febreze is safe for nearly all fabric surfaces and odors fade away as Febreze dries. 1. Febreze works well without added side effects like overbearing smell or skin allergies.Angela Martin 2. The ASPCA considers Febreze safe in households with dogs and cats when used as directed. B. After the launch of Febreze, rumors spread on the Internet that it is dangerous to household pets, such as dogs. According to Snopes. com, these rumors are false. 1. The National Animal Poison Control Center have no evidence that Febreze, when used according to label instructions is harmful to pets 2. Veterinary toxicology experts working for the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center consider Febreze fabric freshener products to be safe for use in homes with pets. 3. t’s approved by the ASPCA for use around cats and dogs since December, 1998 and does not cont ain Zinc Chloride. III. Whereas candles once dominated the category, home air fresheners have driven the growth over the past several years. A. Innovation–primarily in the air freshener segment–has propelled the growth of the overall market, says PF publisher Tatiana Mermen. â€Å"Consumers have fallen in love with technological gadget diffuser devices as well as the more passive reed diffusers,† 1. The recession has taught a lot of us what we can live without and what we can't.Air freshener, it appears, is in the second category. 2. Among sprays, IRI-reported mass sales for Febreze Air Effects, introduced in 2004, reached $70. 6 million last year, eclipsing Ousts mass sales of $45. 9 million, PF reports. B. Febreze comes in a variety of sizes and strengths Regular strength (500ml), Extra Strength (500ml) Extra Strength (1 liter). There is also a small handy size (100ml) 1. Febreze Odor Eliminating products are sold at your neighboring stores: a. CVS, Targets, W algreens, and Giant Eagle are some stores that sell Febreze b.Febreze products can also be purchased online. 2. The product initially sold poorly until P;G realized that people had become accustomed to the smells in their own homes, then switched to linking it to pleasant smells and cleaning habits to produce the successful product. a. To conclude Febreze was the first successful product in this new field of fabric cleaning, and it does work. b. Remember this is a superb convenience product that if used according to instructions works well, it is not a replacement to cleaning itself. Angela MartinIn the last few minutes, I have discussed; 1) What Febreze is and where it comes from; 2) The active ingredients that Febreze contains; and 3) The safety an availability of Febreze. The makers of Procter and Gamble suggest Febreze can safely and effectively be used on car seats, sofas, curtains, clothes, sports shoes, and pet bedding as examples. In today’s modern world and busy life styles there are a vast range of convenience products to make life easier and Febreze is just one such item. It claims to safely remove odors from various fabrics, upholstery and surroundings.One thing I will point out in my opinion that you should bear in mind; this is NO SUBSTITUTE or replacement for clean air but it sure smells like it with Febreze. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. â€Å"Febreze review†. Ciao Shopping Intelligence. Retrieved September 14, 2001. 2. â€Å"Chemical Functional Definitions – Cyclodextrin†. Procter;Gamble. 2005. 3. Uncomplexed cyclodextrin solutions for odor control on inanimate surfaces. US Pat. No. 5,714,137. Filed 1994; assigned 1998. 4. . â€Å"Ask the Expert: Poison Control – Febreze†. ASPCA. 2012. Retrieved 2012-0219.

First knight

Arthur demonstrates the democratic way by showing when he makes decisions he goes to the round table to discuss them with the fellow citizens. How Arthur shows how to handle those who he thinks broke the rules by holding a public trial so everyone can see the law at work and he leaves the persons fall to the law and the people of Camelot to decide. Arthur demonstrates the highest value of the democratic way by letting the citizens have a say and do things their way and expecting and treating the citizens with dignity. . Malignant demonstrates the authoritarian way by showing when he makes decisions he does not listen to the citizens and only goes by his word and no one else's. Malignant only respects himself and no one else; he even tries to kidnap the Queen. Which is very disrespectful. Malignant does not care about anyone as long at he is respected and in charge. Being authoritarian means that the leader is self appointed and does not listen to citizen's opinions and they cannot sp eak out against he leaders actions, which Malignant clearly shows.That is an example that shows lack of respect for citizens and shows the authoritarian way. Malignant demonstrates the highest value of the authoritarian way by not letting the citizens have a say and taking away their rights, also by punishing innocent people for others poor actions. 3. Arthur shows rights and responsibilities in the movie because Arthur held court and used the law to decide the guilt or innocence of the Queen and Lancelot and if lilts their punishment.He held a public trial so every citizen can see the law at work. This shows rights and responsibilities by letting the people decide the faith and having a say, Arthur is allowing the people to exercise their rights of opinion. As well he does not get greedy or let his anger get the best of him before announcing Lancet's punishment. Also he uses the round table with high respect and responsibility and shows equality throughout and works together with e veryone for the good of Camelot.

Discuss the relationship between sexual selection and human reproductive behaviour in relation to the evolutionary theory

Differences exist between the male and female reproductive behaviours and according to evolutionary theory, these are due to different selective pressures. Characteristics that indicate reproductive success are selected for our mates. Dunbar and Waynforth found men valued physical attractiveness and youth in females, supporting the concept that males seek fertility and reproductive success in females. Females on the other hand value financial security in males to ensure they can support and provide for a family. These findings have cross-cultural strengths as Buss collected data from 33 countries. This suggests that these traits are genetically determined with an evolutionary value rather than a nurtured preference. However, Bereczkel et al found that women actually want males that are more family orientated therefore are less concerned about resources therefore contradicting this theory of choosiness and human reproductive behaviour. In addition, it has been argued that men prefer a youthful female because of social power. Younger women are easier to control and are therefore preferable as mates. But Kenrick et al found that that teenage males are attracted to females who were 5 years older. This therefore goes against the evolutionary explanation. Buss’s study also may not provide strong support for the relationship between sexual selection and human reproductive behaviour because answers they gained may be what they preferred but not what they had because they may have compromised. However, another study conducted by Buss of actual married couples supported the original results that men do marry women that are younger than them, thus increasing the validity of this explanation. According to Darwin selection processes shape are reproductive behaviours. Intersexual selection (competition between genders) is dominant within females, whilst Intrasexual selection (completion within the same gender) is more dominant in males. Therefore men’s best mating strategy is to have many sexual partners to ensure reproductive success as they have lots of small mobile sperm which they produce over a long period of time. Whereas women benefit from nurturing selected offspring as they produce, fewer larger eggs over a short time. Penton-Voak et al supported the idea that females use intersexual selection. They found that the female mate preference varied depending on menstrual cycle stages. During high contraceptive risk phase of the cycle, females preferred masculinised faces and short term sexual relationships. In contrast outside this stage, they focus on long-term relationships. This supports that our sexual selection is underpinned by reproductive behaviours and evolutionary origin. This is because short term mating is linked with childbearing and therefore key preferences could be strong genes and attractiveness emphasised by masculine measures, whereas long term the mores important traits are competence in raising a child and resources so softer features associated with support and nurturing. Miller et al’s research does suggest that despite gender stereotypes, women are biologically programmed from reproductive opportunities. He found that lap dancing females who were in the most fertile stage of the cycle gained more tips. Suggesting males are most attracted to females who are in the most fertile point. However, clear gender difference in the general willingness to engage in uncommitted sex. Clark and Hatfield found 57% of males would accept an offer for a one night stand with a stranger compared to 0 females. This suggests males have evolved a motivation for casual sex. The implications of the research were supported by Buss et al who found that women want less sexual partners then males. This approach suffers from a strong gender bias as males are accused of wanting to spread their seeds due to evolutionary reasons but this behaviour would not be learned without willing females. As a result, the role of females in this process is under evaluated. Grilling and Buss suggested that females could also profit from short term mating such as a way to leave a poor relationship or producing more genetically diverse offspring. Therefore, short term mating suffers from gender bias, particularly saying that women cannot be sexually promiscuous and that it is a male characteristic, which is isn’t in modern society. Overall, these explanations can be criticised for being reductionistic as they cannot explain homosexual relationships and the drive for these relationships, as there are no reproductive advantages. Reproductive behaviours have changed dramatically over the last century with non-heterosexual relationships, widespread of contraception and choosing to not have children. This implies we have more free will over our behaviour than implied by the evolutionary approach. The approach also supports gender stereotyping with men being players which suffers from ethical implications. Therefore a more holistic approach which included psychological rationale might be more appropriate form explain homosexual relationships and provide a more balanced explanation rather than an approach that suggests we are a product of our genes.

Law for Accounting assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Law for Accounting assignment - Essay Example Formation of Contract is based on firstly, an ‘offer’, which must be followed by an acceptance. Secondly, there must be consideration, intention to create legal relations and sufficient certainty. The main starting point for the conclusion of a contract can be found in Smith v Hughes1, where both a subjective as well as objective test was laid down in order to determine the existence of a contract. The subjective test determines the actual intention of the contracting parties, whereas the objective test ascertains what had been said by the parties, what they did and not and what their actual intention of saying or doing was. As per Professor Atiyah, the issue of offer and acceptance has been determined by courts in two ways, that is ‘reason forwards’ and ‘reason backwards’, the former is where existence of offer and acceptance are determined first and then the conclusion on the dispute is made; the latter is where the courts can reason from the appropriate solution back to the legal concepts of offer and acceptance. An offer has been defined as an expression of willingness by one party known as the offeror, to contract or be bound on stated terms, provided that such terms are accepted by the party to whom the offer is made that is the offeree. The courts have drawn a distinction between an offer and an invitation to treat, as the latter is merely an expression of willingness by one party to enter into negotiations and is not unconditional and there is a lack of intention to create legal relations. The most important and land mark cases which distinguished between an offer and invitation to treat are of Gibson v Manchester City Council2 and Storer v Manchester City Council3. In Gibson, where treasurer had sent a letter to Mr. Gibson, stating that council may be prepared to sell the house, was held to be an invitation to treat, which was further confirmed by the fact that Mr. Gibson was asked to make a formal application to purchase the house. The courts therefore took into account the correspondence between the parties. However, in Storer the courts found that a contract had come into existence as negotiations had moved beyond what had happened in Gibson but an exchange of contracts had not taken place. These cases clearly point out that fact that judges can interpret and differ in the results and so the decision would be said to be based on its own facts. An offer should be differentiated from a mere statement of price that is an enquiry as to the price. (Harvey v. Facey)4 Invitation to treat has been defined as an expression of willingness of a party to enter into negotiations with another with the hope that a contract would be reached at the end of such negotiations. (Fisher v Bell)5. As for advertisements, it has been strictly said to be an invitation to treat (Partridge v Crittenden)6, however, the courts have interpreted advertisements in a manner which allows for certain exceptions to be create d and the main reasons for that has been cited to be intention to be bound and certainty (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.)7. Further, the advertisement of an auction sale is generally only an invitation to treat (Harris v Nickerson)8. The opinions as to when an offer is made have differed. In respect of the advertisement that had been placed by Serena in the Sunday Times Style, the first and foremost question is whether such advertisement was an invitation to

Sustainable management futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable management futures - Essay Example 86). When Prime Minister says that â€Å"no true conservative wants to sit back and let capitalism rip†, he is making a contradictory and incorrect statement. The main premise of capitalism is to ensure that the government sits back and â€Å"let it rip†. Whenever the government intervenes, not only it distorts the market equilibrium but it also ensures that the public sector grows larger in size, as compared to the private sector. There are no doubt in the fact that the resources in the market are limited, in terms of human and financial capital, and when these resources are devoted to the public sector, which is the inefficient sector, economies fail to realize their economic potential (Bishop, 2000, p. 86). More importantly, when governments intervene and prohibit capitalism from â€Å"letting it rip†, it is creating a cost on all parties with its intervention. Quite understandably, governments would have to finance their power and intervention with two possib le sources. First, it would tax people to fund the intervention, something that violates the basic principles of liberty and freedom and decreases the disposable incomes of people, which then goes on limit the number and size of investments (Isbister, 2011, p. 76). More importantly, as mentioned earlier, the public sector is the inefficient sector, therefore, the amount of taxes are never able to generate returns what they should have generated had they been transferred to the private. Furthermore, as governments accumulate more money though taxes, they see more incentives and opportunities for corruption. Second, the governments might decide to print more money for financing these interventions and â€Å"preventing capitalism from ripping† (Aras & Crowther, 2010, p. 67-68). Injecting more liquidity in the market might boost the demand in the short term but in the medium term, it will increase the inflation, which is disastrous to any economy. The cash reserves, savings and c apital of people would hold lesser value than they did before thus depriving people to buy the same amount of goods and services that they intended to buy with their money since it would hold lesser value. It would decrease the disposable incomes of people, which would reduce the savings. Reduction in savings would mean reduction in the overall capital, which is available in the market thus discouraging future investments and economic growth. Consider the example of how under the Bush Administration, the Federal Reserve Chairman, Alan Greenspan, although, a libertarian decided not to â€Å"let capitalism† rip† and intervene by disturbing the equilibrium of the market. In the wake of the dotcom bubble and 9/11 attacks, he decided to set the interest rates at a record low level of 1 percent so that capitalism and free markets could not â€Å"rip† investments due to the above mentioned events. It appeared that the strategy worked, as investors went on to invest in m ore risky projects and sectors, which would not have received investment had the interest rates been determined by market. Too many investments in the housing market created a housing bubble, which then

Just answer some easy guiding questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Just answer some easy guiding questions - Essay Example Bioregionalism is thus seen to bring a host of challenges among them environmental degradation and psychological dissatisfaction in what life has to offer. The reason, why human being focuses more on developing new things is because of this psychological dissatisfaction. Frenkel further states that a lot has changed in terms of the relationship that the human being have with the natural environment. However, there is a little or no time to correct some of the damages that have already been done as a result of this detachment. Environmental determinism is defined as the collection of implicit theories that show the relationship between culture and the environment. In most of these theories, the environment has an overall impact on socio-economic developments that occur in day to day life. An example given to this relationship is climatic conditions. Nature or the environment is seen to play a great role in influencing the climatic conditions of a particular place. However, most geographers rejected the environmental determinism theory due to inadequate evidence and scientific shortcomings regarding how the climate and culture and related. Despite this rejection, environmental determinism has played a major role in the development of alternative theories such as possibilism and probabilism. The concept of bioregionalism and environmental determinism share a common ideology regarding the relationship between human culture and the environment. Frenkle cites an argument by previous scholars that the environment affects among other things; religion, literature, and thoughts. This implies that the environment of human beings affects how they do things and how they do it. The concept of the bioregion is also deep-rooted in the integrity of the natural order. Under this argument, it is humans who are trying to change how things are done. However, it is the environment that is supposed to dictate how humans behave or operate. Both environmental

SmartPhone Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SmartPhone Security - Essay Example Hackers, who know the default setting, can gain access to wireless network. In this way the network fails to require identification and verification of all users. This paper deals with the security issues in Smart phone. We will start our discussion with a brief introduction of Smart phone. Smart phones, as name implies that it is small device. It is small device but it has more functionality of mobile phone and computer. It use used for communication like mobile phone and computing functionality like computer. With the help of smart phone, a user can interact with different application at same time. It is so small you can put in your pocket. You can install more software in your smart phones (Kenneth, 1996). Smart phones combine the functions of pagers, cellular telephones, and personal digital assistants into a small single device. A smart phone is a wireless phone with text and Internet capabilities. It can handle wireless telephone calls, voice mail, email, and faxes, save addresses, and access information from Internet. Wireless networks can be more expensive, slower, and more error prone than wired networks. Bandwidth and energy supply in wireless devices require careful management from both hardware and software standpoints (Imielinski and Badrinath, 1994). Security and privacy will be more difficult to maintain because wireless transmission can be easily intercepted. Data cannot be transmitted seamlessly between different wireless networks if they use incompatible standards. The entire point of computer security is to eliminate or protect against threats. A threat is anything that can cause harm. A threat can be simple error, burglar or virus. A threat is not harm full unless it exploits an existing vulnerability. Vulnerability is a weakness, any thing that has not been protected against threats. Threats to your smart phone hardware involve incidents that have effect on the operation or maintenance of the smart phone. The smart phones are using

Your thoughts concerning an intranet where employees can learn and Essay

Your thoughts concerning an intranet where employees can learn and mutually inspire each other - Essay Example Intranets just as any other computer networks including the internet use computer’s internet protocols to facilitate the haring of such resources as information, computing services and operating systems among many others within a single organization. This implies that an organization can customize the features of its intranet thereby making it unique and accessible to particular group of people who have specific interest in the organization. The size and type of an intranet to install in an organization depends on the size of the organization and the nature of the database used in such organizations. Debenhams plc. Is a multinational retail chain operating as department stores in Denmark, the United Kingdom and Ireland. As an organization requires an integrated database with appropriate intranet to link its franchises t a central database, thus enabling consolidate communication among the employees of the company. An intranet is a composition of different communication devices including a computer, routers, switches, data cables and telephones among many other features. To uyse an intranet effectively, employees require appropriate training and skills. Furthermore, the employees can train and support each other on the use of either each of the myriad component of the intranet or the entire network. Besides the above elements, an intranet may include other features such as fax machines, telephones and printers among others. The incorporation of these in an intranets permits sharing of the resources. The placement of such fractures should be strategic in order to facilitate access and efficient service delivery. Sharing of the resources constitute a major advantage of intranets since it makes management of organizations such as Debenhams plc. easier. By including a printer and a fax machine in an intranet, the organization consolidates the information processing mechanism thus permitting every station to access and print information without the need to buy several printers for every department. Additionally, the intranet maintains the integrity of the data printed by the centrally placed printer since it eliminates the use of secondary data storage facilities such as flash drives most of which transfer computer viruses thus impairing the functionality of the machines. An intranet is a fundamental feature of the Debenhams plc. It improves the level of professionalism in the organization besides its role in the operations of the firm. Through the intranet, Debenhams’ employees learn and inspire each other a feature that don not only improve the level of professionalism in the organization but also motivate employees thus improving profitability. Just as with any other technology, it will compel the employees to learn the ways of operation and handling in order to use efficiently. This way, the installation of an intranet in organization will motivate employees to learn and those with adequate knowledge on the operation of the di fferent machines to help enlighten others. Additionally, subsequent upgrade of the intranet will require progressive training of the staff in order to improve their ability to operate the equipment better. The use of computers is elaborate and requires professional technical knowhow depending on the roles of an employee in an organization. Managers for example use detailed programs in managing the organization’s operations and finance, the roles and duties of the employees differ depending on their positions within the organization. This implies that their use of the intranet will equally differ thus compelling the installation of different features of the intranet depending on the use

Research of China's Luxury Goods Market- How Chinese Enterprises Get Dissertation

Research of China's Luxury Goods Market- How Chinese Enterprises Get out From Made in China to Create Domestic Luxury brands - Dissertation Example Recently, however, with an increased spending power among Chinese consumers along with reduced government restrictions, luxury brands from foreign countries have experienced the pressure of strengthening their commitment to Chinese mainland to maintain competitive advantage and avoid losing to rivals. Luxury is a subjective concept that is constantly developing, hence its varied definitions. Nonetheless, luxury has typically been used to characterize a state of great comfort or a desirable item (Park, Rabolt, and Jeon 2008). Luxury brands significantly differ from others in such a way that these entail a premium with no clear benefits over their counterparts. However, consumers remain willing to pay for a significant price as such brands exhibit unique attributes in terms of reputation, quality, and recognizability. Luxury brands do not only express high stands of superiority but also represent a social code that suggests access to desirability and exclusivity. The luxury market has, thus, gained considerable interest from many due to its representation of a hedonistic and somehow irrational form of consumption with which individuals purchase goods for the pleasure these provide regardless of financial costs (Phau and Teah 2009). The luxury brands that are in operation within China are mainly from Europe and include a wide range of retail sectors, including jewellery, fashion clothing and accessories, cosmetics, footwear, and automotive. The following sections then focus on the Chinese consumption behavior towards luxury brands, particularly the unique characteristics of Chinese consumers, the strategies for promoting luxury brands in China, as well as the possible challenges that Chinese companies may face in promoting such luxury brands. Product Brand: An Overview A brand is considered as a guarantee to the consumer of better quality or performance as compared to a product’s generic counterpart, in regards to both the physical and technical aspects. Wh en companies market a branded product, their statements ensure qualities that cannot be acquired through using generic or alternative brands. In most cases, brands are illustrated to depict an individual’s preferred lifestyle. Product branding caters to products alone, whereas corporate branding is the strategy of utilizing the name of the company to represent a certain product or service (de Chernatony 1999; de Chernatony 2001). Products are manufactured in warehouses and factories, but brands are what consumers are after. Consumers make purchases to take hold of a product’s statement and the distinction of one product from another, as personified through brands. Products can be identical and it can be seen in any shop, but the incorporation of a specific brand gives a product a personal touch that would be difficult for competitors to imitate. Though products can be outdated, brands that are successful are always cherished by its loyal customers. In branding, it is i mperative for the presentation and the package to look its best. It is not necessarily grandeur, but it depends on the statement that the firm wants to communicate about the product. It is important that all the necessary details and information are presented to the target market (Olins 2000). In the market, there are a lot of products that claim to be the most efficient, ideal, and best to be purchased and used by consumers. Each has its own qualities and features. The most effective way to

I will send the question to writer direcly Assignment

I will send the question to writer direcly - Assignment Example The traditional marketing mix is considered to be the 4 Ps – product, price, place and promotion. For service industries, a further 3 Ps were added (McGrath, 1986) – people, physical evidence and processes. For the purposes of this essay, the focus will be on the four Ps, with their international variations considered as they apply to Tesco later in the essay. Keegan and Green (2011, p.399) define a product as â€Å"a good, service, or idea with both tangible and intangible attributes that collectively create value for a buyer or user†. One of the key attributes associated with a product is branding, which can be useful for organisations extending operations overseas. Price is defined as â€Å"a function of the demand for the product as determined by the willingness and ability of customers to buy† (ibid, p.365). For international markets, consideration must be given to price floors, price ceilings and optimum pricing. Place is â€Å"the availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer† (ibid, p.399) although it can also include the when and how products and services are available as well. Promotion refers to â€Å"all forms of communication used by organisations to inform, remind, explain, persuade and influence the attitudes and buying behaviour of customers and othersâ €  (ibid, p.431) and includes a wide variety of options, all of which should be used to convey and reinforce a consistent message. Tesco plc a leading food and grocery retailer in the UK operating out of 4,331 stores in 14 countries worldwide: the UK, other European countries, the USA and Asia (Datamonitor 2010b p.15). It is one of the major retailers within the UK food industry, within which hypermarkets, supermarkets and discounters hold a 61.3% by value of the market (ibid p.10). Within the UK, Tesco is perceived to have reached the extent of its expansion, so is now seeking overseas expansion to increase its

Dissertation topic and proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Topic and proposal - Dissertation Example The highly accepted classification of SMEs in UK and EU attributes to â€Å"the number of employees or annual turnover, with small enterprises constituting of less than 50 employees and medium size enterprise at more than 50 and less than 249 employees† (BIS Department for Business and Innovation Skills, pp. 1-7, 2010). The nature of ownership in SMEs is either the individual entrepreneur or the family investments, which later on is inducted by directors on behalf of the majority shareholders. The SMEs sector in UK has jumped to an enormous boom in the last couple of years by increasing the net to 400,000 firms every year and even the micro businesses or self-employment has contributed a significant turnover for over ? 200 billion to the economy even in the severe economic turmoil of recession on inflation (Amble, pp. 20-29, 2004). The small and medium sized business has emerged as a powerful source in contributing to net revenue of the economy by intervening for almost 13 % i n financial and business intermediation, such as real estate and business operations. In addition, by contribution in 12% to agricultural and fishing business, wholesales and retails at 21% indicating to largest contribution to the private sector turnover (BIS Department for Business and Innovation Skills, pp. 1-6, 2010). The role of SMEs enterprises has played a significant part in the economic and social growth followed by the industrialization, income, and employment generation to the economy (OECD Conference for SMEs, pp. 1-3, 2004). Research Aim: The important element of enterprises is to induct the easy or smooth availability of the capital for their start up or growing business. The imperfect capital market and the economic turmoil have created barriers for insufficient external funding to the SMEs that has forced the government intervention in equity and debt market to provide funds and loans to their ventures (Graham, pp. 56-64, 2004). The main aim of the dissertation of th e proposal is to ‘Highlight and analyze the significance of the financing intervention within the small and medium sized enterprises and their attributes’. It also aims to analyze the following in order to bridge the gap between the finance providers and the small business. 1. Close analyses of the SMEs and their access to external finance. 2. The financial growth and government intervention in SMEs 3. The needs and supply capabilities between SMEs and financial intermediaries. Research Objectives: The objective of the dissertation includes the detail literature review and problems faced by SMEs deployment of financial funds. The purpose of this research is to recognize the factors influencing the financial decision making of SMEs and any other alternative option for funds. The study will also focus on critical factors discussed as below (Competition Commission, pp. 1-3, 2002): 1. Identify the policies and regulations for the provision of funds by the bank 2. Identify t he various sources of finance available to the SMEs and their significance. 3. Identify and deployment of options which are used to improve the burden of cost and accountability of revenue and profits for SMEs. Research Questions: Following are the questions that highlight the main reasons for the research dissertation: 1. What are the factors that are affecting the SMEs financial market and access

Maketing Process Various Element Essay Example for Free

Maketing Process Various Element Essay The focus is the mass production. A business orientated around production believes that the economies of scale generated by mass production will reduce costs and maximise profits. In this process there is less focus on product design and packaging and even to be special or unique look, at the end customer are paying for the product and you pay for what you get. So for this is a plain marketing in my opinion. Product Orientation This approach is almost opposite to the previous one. This type of companies believes that its products high quality make it a superior product. Neglecting sometimes about the customer’s wants and needs. Sales Orientation Make the product, and then sell it to the target market. However as we know sales usually arent this simple. An effective marketing strategy requires market and marketing research. Market Orientation This type of strategy puts every effort to understand the customer and his needs. Market research is the key to launching new products or services, every single step. Jack Cohen started his business in a very critical period for the UK there where a food shortage after the First World War and a big crisis just got to its top Situation was very difficult! Jack Cohen applied a strategy of ‘pile it high and sell it cheap’. His strategy was a great success because he knew exactly what customer’s need and so for all his focus is to make sure there enough food for everyone. In London space is limited he went outside to bigger space this step was a great success. Jack Cohen did adapt to this problem of space by giving Tesco bigger place to promote its products. As he was focused on sales and customer needs he should have been on top of it all time but it did come a period where he didn’t realise that people after 2nd world war are changing and needs are not simple are very variable and complex, customers are looking for more than just what would satisfy their basic needs! And that’s where Tesco life cycle got into its down or decline that’s where Tesco did face problem. After a good few years of hardship Tesco managers have had another way of sorting all in once getting help from local authorities this was the key door to a new era Tesco newly born and adapting to the market needs segmentation of the market through offering different stores in size and product will make Tesco the though number1 of stores as different ages and categories is attracted, he had the price already in good and successful strategy low enough to attract individuals from low household income and the loyalty cards that offers more saving. According to (Kotler, Marketing management) marketing should be dealt with and visualised around minimum 4 elements, product, place, price, and promotion and in further editions of his book he added other elements to those as politic, public†¦ I think Tesco have a good name and long history and that needs to be highlighted more and more, a good marketing strategy needs on top of pricing as well positioning the product and make it unique in satisfying that group of people’s needs, so for sibling a group of people and making a product to satisfy their needs and give it the price that makes them happy and promoting this product. Sale is the outcome or a result but don’t forget to make them come back by giving after sale service, where the customer will be secure and happy knowing he has been backed up by you the seller. Your supermarket or place of shopping, it’s not only where you buy your food supply from as well as the name that you trust and adhere to, as a business focusing on your existing customers it’s a better strategy than trying always to win more customers. By listening to your customers and knowing their needs and the after sales service will give the company a longer life cycle.

Dont Mistake Legibility for Communication Analysis

Dont Mistake Legibility for Communication Analysis CRITICAL STUDY IN ART DESIGN DONT MISTAKE LEGIBILITY FOR COMMUNICATION David Carson | Discuss It is the art director, graphic designer and surfer David Carson (b. 1954) who stated during his 2013 TED Talk, Dont mistake legibility for communication. Since making this statement, designers have had to rethink what it means to communicate; especially when attempting to interact and engage with their target audience. However, is Carsons statement true? As it can be argued that legibility is the basis for something to not only be readable but also understood and therefore communicated. Conversely, if communication is the goal then the aim is more than just making something legible. Therefore, this discussion will explore and present arguments for and against the statement Carson made, define and explain the terms legibility and communication, and to document the social and historical context behind Carsons statement to establish whether it was valid or not. To begin, when something is being communicated it can be received by the audience visually, verbally, nonverbally or in its written form. The field of a Graphic Designer is visual communication as they attempt to incorporate, or least infer these elements through their designs. For that reason, visual communication or more specifically, production in print, will be the focus for this discussion as that is what Carsons statement pertains to. In regards to Carsons statement, the word legibility is mentioned. This word can be simply defined as how recognisable individual letterforms are (Tselentis, J et al. 2012 p. 324). In a segment of Carsons 2003 Design And Discovery TED Talk, he presents the following image with his statement: Carson then goes on to say the following about his image (Figure 2) and gives his opinion about the statement in regards to legibility and communication, where he states, I like this [image] for a couple of reasons. If youve had any design courses, they would teach you cant read this. I think you eventually can and, more importantly, I think its true. Dont mistake legibility for communication. Just because somethings legible doesnt mean it communicates. More importantly, it doesnt mean it communicates the right thing (Carson 2003). As Carson suggests (2003) the primary goal of the designer is to communicate a message. However (in his own words) more importantly, it is to communicate the right thing. The question to then be considered is to ask what communication is in the first place? John DiMarco (b. 1963) in his book Digital Design For Print and Web (2010) explains that communication is a process, in which, . requires a sender (the designer), a message (information or an effort to persuade), a medium (the delivery platform), and a receiver of that message (the audience). Here, it can be understood that during the communication process it is the designers job to send a message. DiMarco (2010) then states that, the goals of such messages are to inform, to persuade, to educate, or to entertain.ÂÂ   The designer having a communication goal in mind then uses the message and medium to reach their audience. Bearing this all in mind, we are then left to ask why is communicating the right thing so important to Carson? In the 2007 Helvetica documentary, Carson states, Dont confuse, legibility with communication. And just because somethings legible, doesnt mean it communicates, and more importantly doesnt mean it communicates the right thing. And vice versa. If something is a very important message, and its said in a boring, nondescript way, then the message can be lost (Carson 2007). The goal for Carson then seems to be that is must communicate the right thing otherwise known as effective communication. The message cannot be lost through the medium. Which would then leads to the message not being received by the anticipated audience. Nevertheless, what is effective communication and how does it differ from regular communication? The difference seems to lie in the way something is communicated. It can be argued, (as Carson seems to) therefore, that this is just as important, if not more important than the content of the message itself. This point is noted by Art Director and Graphic Designer Kaitlyn Wells (b. 1988) who suggests (2011) to communicate does not mean the designer has to send a message which is merely legible. As for Wells, legibility in itself does not equate to communicating effectively. In her blog post Dont Mistake Legibility for Communication Wells writes, Just because you can read it, doesnt mean it is communicating the intended message. David Carson is famous for his crazy typography and his ability to connect emotion, design and key messages in an effective, impactful way.ÂÂ   Some of it is legible, some of it is not, but all of it delivers a message (Wells 2011). Here, Wells makes the distinction between legibility and effective communication, noting how important it is to make sure that the audience actually receives the message through the emotion behind it and not just the content of the message itself. For Carson, it is not sufficient for something to merely be legible, as it is only one of the potential tools that can be used to achieve the end goal of communicating a message. Carson seems to be able to attract his intended audience in such a way that he not only gets his message across but manages to emotionally connect and engage with them as well. In The Emotion Thesaurus (2012)Ackerman and Puglisi state that the sole reason people pick up a printed production is . to have an emotional experience. They read to connectIt can be argued that this is the same communication goal of Carson too. This can be further demonstrated through some examples of Carsons designs in the Ray Gun publication (1992) which Carson was the art director of: According to DiMarco (2011), after Carson was appointed Art Director for the Ray Gun publication its circulation tripled, emphasising the effectiveness of Carsons designs. DiMarco then states that the magazine was created as an anti-glossy, anti-establishment manifesto that became a synonym of rock roll, rebellion and alternative spirit. This was the audience that Carson was attempting to reach. Therefore, the layout design needed to not only reflect this but to find a way to effectively communicate and connect with his audience as well. In Carsons TED Talk he speaks about the following car garages (see figure 6): Here Carson points out that the two car garage doors displayed (see Figure 6) are both legible and communicate the same message. However, the way the message is communicated is different. As it can be seen that the garage to the left is legible and the message is clear NO PARKING. Stylistically the way that this message has been presented would likely be seen as generic, informative and neutral. Conversely, it could be argued that the garage to the right gives the reader a different feel as the message would likely be interpreted in a different manner to the garage on the left. As the garage to rights with its NO PARKING message has a bold and humanistic style which seems to give it a different tone to the intended viewer. Although it could be argued that this is unintentional the feeling seems to persist nevertheless. The underlining of the same NO PARKING message seems to emphasise the gravity of what is being communicated. All of these stylistic elements add to the way the message is intended to be received by transmitting through the text the emotion of the message. Moreover, other examples of text being written in capitals tend to convey the emotion of anger and often transmits the message of somebody shouting; which in both cases demands that the message being communicated is to be taken seriously as it has been delivered in a direct and effective manner. Carson (2003) himself then goes on to explain about the garage doors in the following way, Im a big believer in the emotion of design, and the message thats sent before somebody begins to read, before they get the rest of the information. That area of design interests me the most. These are a couple of garage doors painted identical, situated next to each other. So, heres the first door. You know, you get the message. You know, its pretty clear. Take a look at the second door and see if theres any different message. O.K, which one would you park in front of? Same colour, same message, same words. The only thing thats different is the expression that the individual door-owner here put into the piece and, again, which is the psycho-killer here? Yet it doesnt say that; it doesnt need to say that. I would probably park in front of the other one (Carson 2003). For Carsons own designs, it seems his focus is on the way he communicates his message. Carson appears to designs his layouts intuitively to create a visceral reaction and response. His designs must connect with his audience emotionally for them to be effective and even if the content of the message cannot do this alone then the way the message has been designed will help the communication process of achieving Carsons communication goal. This can be seen in his designs for The Book Of Probes by Marshall McLuhan. Whilst it may seem that Carsons statement cannot be refuted there have been those that have done so. One example of someone that has vehemently disapproved Carsons methodology, is design writer Joe Clark. In his article titled Illegible David Carson cannot communicate originally published in the Globe and Mail (1995), Clark writes that, Typography is supposed to be invisible. If the intended reader actually notices the typography and graphic design on a page, then youve failed as a designer. The goal of communication is achieved only when typography does not distract (Clark 1995). This line of thinking was influenced from Beatrice Wardes (b. 1900) lecture titled, The Crystal Goblet, or Why Printing Should Be Invisible (1930). Both Clark and Wardes focus is on the content of the message and that the legibility of the message detracts from what is trying to be communicated. Otherwise, the message can be distorted where the information that is trying to be communicated is not what was originally intended. DiMarco (2011) notes how Carson, broke the rules in every way. including negative leading, overlapping, layering, and creating absurd compositional layouts, such as backwards text settings and columns of texts that bled off the page or aligned or overlapped each other. This can be seen in below (figure 8). In Noah Reads article (2009) in regards to Wardes lecture he notes that, Warde asserts that the purpose of written text is thought transference and any type that does anything to distract from that goal is a failure in its purpose. Type is there to illuminate the thoughts and ideas contained in the written word (Read 2009). Here, Read highlights how Warde deems anything that detracts from the content of the message to be a failure in its purpose. In relation to Carson, this would be a failure in his attempt to communicate with his audience. For Warde, the text used in the message should only be implemented to aid the content and the content alone. However, as mentioned earlier, Carson has demonstrated that he arranges the type to effectively communicate rather than to merely share the content alone. For Clark, in his article he rebuked the Ray Gun publication by noting that, Every single typesetting rule of thumb you could possibly come up with has been broken in Ray Guns brief history: Overlapping blocks of copy; light text against dark backgrounds; dark text against dark backgrounds; running text across pages, including stories that are read horizontally across columns (just hop over the gutter between them); deliberately running photos upside-down (Clark 1995). For Clark it seems as if he felt Carsons, Dont mistake legibility, for communication statement was taken to the extreme where because both the message was legible and the audience could misinterpret its intended point too through the way it was designed; then for Clark surely the communication and intended message failed, as the design was illegible in its content and missed the mark in its execution. However, this assertion of Clarks is subjective at best and judging by the sales of the Ray Gun magazine it is presumptive at worse because as mentioned before the publication sold many copies to those prior to Cason design. Additional to this point, it was the philosopher and Professor Marshall McLuhan (b. 1911) who wrote in his book Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964) that, the medium is the message. By this, he meant that it is the form of the medium, not the content of the message or even the message itself that is most important. An example, which could argue how Carson supports this theory is where he employs a similar idea into one of his articles for the Ray Gun magazine publication where he uses the Zapf Dingbat typeface. In regards to Carson using the Zapf Dingbat typeface, he states in an interview with Design Boom (2014) that it was one of his favourite briefs. During the interview he shares, We had a new writer from a much bigger music mag, and I was really excited to read this article when it came in. but I was really disappointed to find it was like sooo many others: the writer had been given 10 minutes before the performer went on stage to do his entire interview, and as such he reported the typical stuff like what the singer was wearing, what was in the room etc. boring stuff Id read so many times before. I started going through my fonts, finding nothing that felt right, then came across dingbat. Which would have been the last one on my very extensive list, as its known by the designers name zapf dingbats. Im sure I chuckled a bit, then thought, well, why not? It was a really boring article. So the entire article was set in zapf dingbat (Design Boom 2014). This exemplifies that for Carson communicating his work was more than using words alone but even the piece itself could be communicated through the medium rather than with merely the content. Especially if the content served no purpose in taking the reader on an emotional journey It could be inferred that the purpose the Zapf Dingbat that was to do precisely that to bring excitement, joy and humour to what would have been a boring, dull tedious article. David Carsons statement (2003) Dont mistake legibility for communication is both challenging and thought-provoking. As stated beforehand, not all designers would agree with Carsons evaluation of effective communication. As Carsons statement seems paradoxical at first but when understood in its proper context it appears to be congruent when seen in light of his work. However, when compared with traditional teachings and lectures as to how typography in publications should be treated, it can be argued that the designer could fail in making his or her work both illegible and even worse this may lead to the message of the designer not communicating its desired effect too. Nonetheless, to confine communication to only being something that can be achieved through legibility in content only takes away from what effective communication can be. Taking this into consideration, despite his critics and given his numerous supporters, it is still justifiable to argue that Carson has made a salient point in the Graphic Design world; as it is still relevant today as it was when he first stated it. Consequently, it can be strongly argued that it renders Carson statement, Dont mistake legibility for communication as valid. Reference List Books Tselentis, J., Haley, A., Poulin R., Seddon T., Leonidas G., and Saltz I. (2012) Typography, Referenced: A Comprehensive Visual Guide to the Language, History, and Practice of Typography. Beverly, MA: Rockport Publishers. DiMarco, J. (2010) Digital Design for Print and Web: An Introduction to Theory, Principles, and Techniques. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Ackerman A., and Puglisi B. (2012) The Emotion Thesaurus: A Writers Guide To Character Expression. Seattle: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Websites Wells, K. (2011) Dont Mistake Legibility For Communication. Available at: http://www.stokefire.com/2011/06/dont-mistake-legibility-for-communication/ (Accessed: 15 December 2016) Clark, J. (2011) Illegible David Carson cannot not communicate. Available at: http://joeclark.org/design/davidcarson.html (Accessed: 13 February 2017) DiMarco, D (2011) David Carson. Available at: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: 12 February 2017) Noah, R (2009) Graphic Design Theory: The Crystal Goblet. Available at: https://noahread.net/blog/graphic-design-theory-the-crystal-goblet (Accessed: 12 February 2017) Design Boom (2014) Interview with Graphic Designer David Carson. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/design/interview-with-graphic-designer-david-carson-09-22-2013/ (Accessed: 12 February 2017) TED Talks Carson, D. (2003) David Carson: Design and discovery. Available at: http://www.ted.com/talks/david_carson_on_design (Accessed: 21 November 2015) DVD Helvetica (2007) Directed by Gary Hustwit [DVD]. London: Plexi Film. Image List Figure 1 : David Carson: (2004) Design Indaba Speaker [Profile Picture]. Available from: http://www.designindaba.com/profiles/david-carson (Accessed: 3 December 2016) Figure 2. Dont mistake legibility for communication: Thomas, C. (2013) Legibility Vs Communication in Design David Carsons point of view. [Ted Talk]. Available from: https://postmodernmovieposter.wordpress.com/2013/12/30/legibility-vs-communication-in-design-david-carsons-point-of-view/ (Accessed: November 26 2016) Figure 3. Communication Process: Bowers, J. (2006) A Communication Model. Available from: http://www.jerf.org/writings/communicationEthics/node4.html (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 4. Cold Sweat. Carson, D. (1989) David Carson. Available from: http://www.davidcarsondesign.com/ (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 5. Ray Gun magazine designs. DiMarco, J. (2011) David Carson. Available from: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 6. NO PARKING: Thomas, C. (2013) Legibility Vs Communication in Design David Carsons point of view. [Ted Talk]. Available from: https://postmodernmovieposter.wordpress.com/2013/12/30/legibility-vs-communication-in-design-david-carsons-point-of-view/ (Accessed: November 26 2016) Figure 7. Book Of Probes. Carson, D. (2002) David Carson. Available from: http://www.davidcarsondesign.com/ (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 8. Breaking The Rules. DiMarco, J. (2011) David Carson. Available from: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 9. Breaking The Rules 2. DiMarco, J. (2011) David Carson. Available from: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 10. Dingbat. DiMarco, J. (2011) David Carson. Available from: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: February 12 2017) Bibliography Books Meggs, P (2011) Meggs History of Graphic Design. 5th edn. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Kunz, W. (2004) Typography: Formation and Transformation: Introduction to Typographic Process. Salenstein: Braun Publisher. Lupton, E (2010) Thinking With Type: A Critical Guide for Designers, Writers, Editors, and Students. 2nd edn. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Craig J., Bevington W., and Koral Scala I. (2006) Designing with Type: The Essential Guide to Typography. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications Inc. Tselentis, J., Haley, A., Poulin R., Seddon T., Leonidas G., and Saltz I. (2012) Typography, Referenced: A Comprehensive Visual Guide to the Language, History, and Practice of Typography. Beverly, MA: Rockport Publishers. Armstrong, H. (2009) Graphic Design Theory: Readings from the Field. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. DiMarco, J. (2010) Digital Design for Print and Web: An Introduction to Theory, Principles, and Techniques. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Ackerman A., and Puglisi B. (2012) The Emotion Thesaurus: A Writers Guide To Character Expression. Seattle: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Websites Bradley, S. (2010) Legibility And Readability In Typographic Design. Available at: http://vanseodesign.com/web-design/legible-readable-typography/ (Accessed: 30 November 2015) Thomas, C. (2013) Legibility Vs Communication in Design David Carsons point of view. Available at: https://postmodernmovieposter.wordpress.com/2013/12/30/legibility-vs-communication-in-design-david-carsons-point-of-view/ (Accessed: November 26 2016) Clark, J. (2011) Illegible David Carson cannot not communicate. Available at: http://joeclark.org/design/davidcarson.html (Accessed: 13 February 2017) Wells, K. (2011) Dont Mistake Legibility For Communication. Available at: http://www.stokefire.com/2011/06/dont-mistake-legibility-for-communication/ (Accessed: 15 December 2016) DiMarco, D (2011) David Carson. Available at: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: 12 February 2017) Noah, R (2009) Graphic Design Theory: The Crystal Goblet. Available at: https://noahread.net/blog/graphic-design-theory-the-crystal-goblet (Accessed: 12 February 2017) Design Boom (2014) Interview with Graphic Designer David Carson. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/design/interview-with-graphic-designer-david-carson-09-22-2013/ (Accessed: 12 February 2017) Lynda Adams, S. (2014) Foundations of Graphic Design History. Available at: http://www.lynda.com/Design-Color-tutorials/American-corporate-identity/166781/363080-4.html (Accessed: 24 November 2015) Saltz, I. (2013) Foundations of Typography. Available at: http://www.lynda.com/Design-Typography-tutorials/Foundations-Typography/106698-2.html (Accessed: 29 December 2015) YouTube Carson, D. (2012) David Carson: David Carson Techniques in Design. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1pQTuJfUi8 (Accessed: 21 November 2015) Puschak, E. (2015) Atemporality: Our Relationship To History Has Changed. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAv5EKvRrco (Accessed: 02 January 2017) TED Talks Carson, D. (2003) David Carson: Design and discovery. Available at: http://www.ted.com/talks/david_carson_on_design (Accessed: 21 November 2015) DVD Helvetica (2007) Directed by Gary Hustwit [DVD]. London: Plexi Film.

A Good Neighbor Essay -- Public Relations Essays

A Good Neighbor When it came time to write a Presentation paper for my Comm 235 course on a company's public relations program, I was able to write on the one I've played a key role in developing for my company. Needless to say, I liked the opportunity to brag a little. U.S. Group, Inc. is a general contractor managing residential, commercial, and road construction projects across South Carolina. In a field not known for having good community relations, U.S. Group has developed a public relations program to keep the public informed about its five multi-million dollar road construction projects: State Route 802 in Beaufort, the interchange of U.S. Route 378 and I-26 in Columbia, College Park Road in Ladson, State Route 219 in Newberry, and the interchange of U.S. Route 17-A and I-26 in Summerville. The company’s public relations program centers around three approaches: direct public communications, media communications, and the use of the Internet to supplement its public and media communications, and is overseen by an on-staff public relations specialist working out of the company’s Lowcountry regional office in Summerville. With a background in advertising, political, and Internet communication, Earl Capps, the company’s public relations specialist, manages the company’s public and media communications program. Greg Cook, the company’s Lowcountry Regional Manager, describes the program as part of the company’s â€Å"Good Neighbor† philosophy towards community relations, whose objective at to â€Å"keep the public more informed, reduce conflicts by being more pro-active in the release of information, and improve the image of U.S. Group (Cook).† Direct public communications ... ...ys Austin (Austin). While U.S. Group’s approach to public relations may not yet be the norm in the road construction industry, the motoring public can rest assured the company remains committed to its public relations program as part of its â€Å"Good Neighbor† philosophy. SOURCES CITED Austin, Robin. South Carolina Department of Transportation, Traffic Engineering office. Email interview on 20 June 2003. Capps, Earl. Media Coordinator, U.S. Group, Inc. Personal narrative. Cook, Greg, P.E. Regional Manager, U.S. Group, Inc. Email interviews on 19 June 2003, and follow-up in-person interview on 20 June 2003. Hicks, Jim. Chairman, Beaufort County Planning Commission. Email interview on 17 June 2003. RCIO: Road Construction Information Online. http://www.collegeparkroad.com, http://www.sc802.com, and other project websites. U.S. Group, Inc. A Good Neighbor Essay -- Public Relations Essays A Good Neighbor When it came time to write a Presentation paper for my Comm 235 course on a company's public relations program, I was able to write on the one I've played a key role in developing for my company. Needless to say, I liked the opportunity to brag a little. U.S. Group, Inc. is a general contractor managing residential, commercial, and road construction projects across South Carolina. In a field not known for having good community relations, U.S. Group has developed a public relations program to keep the public informed about its five multi-million dollar road construction projects: State Route 802 in Beaufort, the interchange of U.S. Route 378 and I-26 in Columbia, College Park Road in Ladson, State Route 219 in Newberry, and the interchange of U.S. Route 17-A and I-26 in Summerville. The company’s public relations program centers around three approaches: direct public communications, media communications, and the use of the Internet to supplement its public and media communications, and is overseen by an on-staff public relations specialist working out of the company’s Lowcountry regional office in Summerville. With a background in advertising, political, and Internet communication, Earl Capps, the company’s public relations specialist, manages the company’s public and media communications program. Greg Cook, the company’s Lowcountry Regional Manager, describes the program as part of the company’s â€Å"Good Neighbor† philosophy towards community relations, whose objective at to â€Å"keep the public more informed, reduce conflicts by being more pro-active in the release of information, and improve the image of U.S. Group (Cook).† Direct public communications ... ...ys Austin (Austin). While U.S. Group’s approach to public relations may not yet be the norm in the road construction industry, the motoring public can rest assured the company remains committed to its public relations program as part of its â€Å"Good Neighbor† philosophy. SOURCES CITED Austin, Robin. South Carolina Department of Transportation, Traffic Engineering office. Email interview on 20 June 2003. Capps, Earl. Media Coordinator, U.S. Group, Inc. Personal narrative. Cook, Greg, P.E. Regional Manager, U.S. Group, Inc. Email interviews on 19 June 2003, and follow-up in-person interview on 20 June 2003. Hicks, Jim. Chairman, Beaufort County Planning Commission. Email interview on 17 June 2003. RCIO: Road Construction Information Online. http://www.collegeparkroad.com, http://www.sc802.com, and other project websites. U.S. Group, Inc.

Essay --

1. PAPILDYTOS REALYBÄâ€"S MIKROPROGRAMÃ… ² SAVYBÄâ€"S IR REIKALAVIMAI 1.1 Papildytos realybÄâ€"s samprata ir savybÄâ€"s Papildyta realybÄâ€" (angl. augmented reality, lietuviÃ… ¡kai dar vadinama iÃ… ¡plÄâ€"stine tikrove) – tai sparÄ iai populiarÄâ€"janti nauja technologija, leidÃ… ¾ianti realiu laiku per vaizdo stebÄâ€"jimo Ä ¯rangÄ… matomÄ… vaizdÄ… papildyti virtualiais objektais ir informacija (1 pav.). Tarp daugybÄâ€"s skaitmeniniÃ… ³ nuotraukÃ… ³, televizijos reklamÃ… ³ ir video filmÃ… ³ kartais sunku suprasti, kur prasideda papildyta realybÄâ€", o kur tik skaitmeniniai elementai. Grafikos redagavimo programa (pavyzdÃ… ¾iui „Photoshopâ€Å" ar „Corel Drawâ€Å") nuotraukos realÃ… ³ vaizdÄ… papildÃ… ¾ius 2D iÃ… ¡galvotais objektais, papildyta realybÄâ€" nebus sukuriama – nÄâ€"ra 3D elementÃ… ³ ir interaktyvumo, o tai yra labai svarbios Ã… ¡ios technologijos sÄ…lygos. Ã…  iai technologijai taip pat nepriskiriami filmai ir televizija. Kai kurie filmai, tokie kaip „JÃ… «ros periodo parkasâ€Å" ar „Avatarasâ€Å" gausiai naudoja erdvinius ir virtualius objektus, sklandÃ… ¾iai perdengtus su realia 3D aplinka, taÄ iau jie nÄâ€"ra interaktyvÃ… «s ir negali bÃ… «ti priskirti papildytai realybei. Siekiant plaÄ iau Ä ¯sigilinti Ä ¯ papildytos realybÄâ€"a sÄ…vokÄ…, iÃ… ¡skirsime tris pagrindines jos savybes [9]: 1) galimybÄ™ sujungti tikrÄ… ir virtualiÄ… informacijÄ…; 2) papildyta realybÄâ€" yra interaktyvi realiu laiku; 3) papildyta realybÄâ€" veikia ir yra naudojama 3D aplinkoje. Papildytos realybÄâ€"s sistemos dÄâ€"l naudojamÃ… ³ platformÃ… ³ gali bÃ… «ti skirstomos Ä ¯ dvi kategorijas: mobilias ir fiksuotas. Mobili papildytos realybÄâ€"s sistema suteikia vartotojui judÄâ€"jimo laisvÄ™ daugybÄâ€"je aplinkÃ… ³, o fiksuota sistema atvirkÃ… ¡Ã„ iai – negali bÃ… «ti perkelta ir yra naudojama tik ten, kur yra Ä ¯rengta. IÃ… ¡skiriamos keturios papildytos realybÄâ€"s platformos: 1) asmeniniai kompiuteriai su internetinÄâ€"mis kamero... ...aguoja Ä ¯ Ã… ¾mogaus ar kitÃ… ³ objektÃ… ³ prisilietimus, ir suteikia jiems virtualiÄ… informacijÄ… realiu laiku. Tinkamiausias pavyzdys Ã… ¡iam metodui suvokti yra „Microsoftâ€Å" projektas „LightSpaceâ€Å", kuriame panaudota papildyta realybÄâ€" ir 2007-ais metais iÃ… ¡leistas „Microsoftâ€Å" stalinis kompiuteris „Surface. „LightSpaceâ€Å" sukuria aplinkÄ…, kurioje bet koks pavirÃ… ¡ius ir netgi erdvÄâ€" tarp tÃ… ³ pavirÃ… ¡iÃ… ³ yra visiÃ… ¡kai interaktyvÃ… «s [12]. Kombinacija tarp pavirÃ… ¡inÄâ€"s kompiuterijos ir papildytos realybÄâ€"s yra vadinama erdvine kompiuterija (angl. spatial computing). „LightSpaceâ€Å" kameros ir projektoriai yra sukalibruoti Ä ¯ 3D realaus pasaulio koordinates, kurios Ä ¯galina tas kameras ir projektorius atvaizduoti bei stebÄâ€"ti grafines projekcijas ant bet kokio pavirÃ… ¡iaus – tam nÄâ€"ra reikalingas skaitmeninis pavirÃ… ¡ius. Ä ®diegus tokiÄ… sistemÄ… Ä ¯ bet kokiÄ… patalpÄ… ji tampa skaitmenine, interaktyvia erdve [13].

The Great Compromise, The THRee/5ths Compromise And Tax :: essays research papers

The Great Compromise: The 3/5ths Compromise, and Tax The Great Compromise, the 3/5ths Compromise, and The Bill Of Rights justify that the making of the Constitution was a â€Å"bundle of compromises†. The Great Compromise is the Constitutional Convention’s agreement to establish a two-house national legislature, with all states having equal representation in one house and each state having representation based on its population in the other house. To satisfy the smaller states, each state would have an equal number of votes in the Senate. To satisfy the larger states, the committee set representation in the House of Representatives according to state populations. The Virginia Plan is a plan that proposed a government with three branches and a two-house legislature in which representation would be based on a state’s population or wealth. The first branch as the legislature, which made the laws. The second branch was the executive, which enforced the laws. The third branch was the judiciary, which interpreted the laws. The New Jersey Plan is a plan of government that called for a one-house legislature in which each state received one vote. In providing equal representation to each state, the New Jersey Plan was similar to the Articles of Confederation. The 3/5ths Compromise is the Constitutional Convention’s agreement to count 3/5ths of a state’s slave population for representation and taxation. The southern states had many more slaves than the northern states. The southerners wanted the slaves to be counted as part of the general population for representation but not for taxation. The northerners argued that slaves should not be counted for representation but should be counted for taxation. At the same time that seven of the states ratified the Constitution, they asked that it be amended to include the Bill Of Rights. The Bill Of Rights is the first ten amendments to the US Constitution and consists of a formal list of citizens’ rights and freedoms.

Synthesis of Cinnamaldehyde from Benzaldehyde

Vidallon, Mark Louis P. Date Performed: February 20, 2012 CHEM44. 1 2LDate Submitted: March 12, 2012 MIXED-ALDOL CONDENSATION Synthesis of Cinnamaldehyde I. Introduction Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde or 3-phenyl-2-propenal is the major constituent of cinnamon oil, extracted from several species of Cinnamomum (C. verum, C. burmanii, C. cassia), under the family Lauraceae, a group of evergreen trees. Cinnamon bark (particularly C. verum) yields 0. 4-0. % oil, which contains 60-80% cinnamaldehyde, 4-5% sesquiterpenoids (? -humulene, ? -caryophyllene, limonene and others), eugenol, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol acetate, cinnamyl alcohol, methyl eugenol, benzaldehyde, benzyl benzoate, cuminaldehyde, monoterpenes (linalool, pinene, phellandrene and cymene), safrole and others (List and Horhammer; Masada; Ravindran qtd. from Khan and Abourashed, 2011). Isolation of cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon oil of Cinnamomum sp. ark, called â€Å"quills†, â€Å"quillings†, â€Å"feathering s† and â€Å"chips† depending on quality, was first done in 1834 by Dumas and Peligot (Attokaran, 2011). It has been proven that cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon oil has a very high potential in the pharmaceutical industry, aside from its well known role in the food preparation, specifically as spice, odorant and colorant. Several researches have proven the antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde against Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis (Council of Europe, 2008).Also, cinnamaldehyde has been proven to inhibit microbial growth of opportunistic human pathogenic fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Rhizopus oligosporus, and various bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, and others) (Khan and Abourashed, 2011). Several studies have also unraveled the hypoglycemic (insulin-like) and hypolipidemic properties of cinnamaldehyde since it can cause: elevated glucose oxidation and uptake, causing decrease in blood plasma glucose levels; decreased glycosylated hemoglobin, serum total cholesterol and riglyceride levels; increased plasma insulin, hepatic glycogen and high-density lipoprotein; and restored modified plasma enzyme concentrations to almost normal level (Babu, Prabuseenivasan and Ignacimuthu, 2006). Though effective approaches in the isolation of cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon oil from quills, low amounts of pure cinnamaldehyde can only be obtained from effective separation processes. Feature Article Relative Rates:  Free-Radical BrominationDue to this demarcation in the discovery and investigation of other potential medicinal and non-medicinal values of cinnamaldehyde, chemists have also developed synthetic procedures to obtain high amounts of pure cinnamaldehyde, one of which is the mixed aldol condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Mixed aldol condensation is a reaction of different aldehydes or ketones leading to the formation of aldols (? -hydroxyaldehydes) or ketols (? -hydroxyketones), accompanied by the removal of water to result finally to enals (? , ? -unsaturated aldehydes) or enones (? , ? -unsaturated ketones).Aldol additions are due to the reaction of enolate ions of carbonyl compounds (from the reaction of acidic ? -hydrogens of aldehydes and ketones with bases) with the electrophilic centers of other carbonyl compounds. Synthesized aldols and ketols can dehydrate spontaneously or can be dehydrated, especially when heated, to form enals an d enone, the final product(s) of aldol condensations (Moore and Langley, 2010). Possible side reactions were the Canizzarro reaction of benzaldehyde and the self-condensation of acetaldehyde. Minimization of the possibilities of the stated reactions was done by following a special scheme of procedure.Characterization tests that were done in to confirm the identity of the products are boiling point determination, reactions with nitric acid and with sodium bisulfite and derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. In the experiment conducted, the objectives of the author were as follows: 1. To synthesize cinnamaldehyde from the base-catalyzed mixed aldol condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde; and 2. To characterize the synthesized product using its boiling point, results of simple chemical tests and derivatization reactions, along with the determination of the elting points of the hydrazones and comparison of the hydrazones using their RGB values. II. Materials and Methods A. Reagents The following are the reagents were used in the experiment: Benzaldehyde Acetaldehyde 15% sodium hydroxide solution Sodium chloride 95 % ethanol solution 40% sodium bisulfite solution 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine Nitric acid Ice B. Apparatus and Equipment The following are the apparatus and equipment were used in the experiment: 50-mL round-bottom flask 50-mL beaker 10-mL graduated cylinder 10-mL pipet Pasteur pipet Micro distilling flask Test tubes Evaporating dish Thermometer Bunsen burnerMicroreflux Watch glass Iron ring Iron clamp Iron stand Separatory funnel Wire gauze Hot plate Electronic top loading balance Fisher-Johns melting point apparatus III. Schematic Diagrams C. Synthesis of Cinnamaldehyde (in round-bottom flask) 3. 06mL – cool in ice bath + 3. 00mL 15% NaOH + 0. 50mL dropwise with swirling + 3. 00mL 15% NaOH + 0. 50mL dropwise with swirling + 3. 00mL 15% NaOH + 0. 68mL dropwise with swirling – reflux for 10-15 minutes – cool to room te mperature – cool in ice bath – separate layers Organic layer , very minimal (in 10-mL graduated cylinder) Aqueous layer very minimal, unreactedH2O with Na+ and Cl- Measure amount and save for characterization discard D. Characterization 1. Boiling Point Determination Product (in distilling flask) – distill Note temperature at which liquid starts to boil 2. Reaction with Nitric Acid (Test for presence of benzene ring) 1-2 drops of test compound1 (in test tube) + 1-2 drops HNO3 Observe visible changes and temperature changes 3. Reaction with Sodium Bisulfite (Test for presence of carbonyl compounds) 4. 0mL 40% NaHSO3 + 1. 0mL ethanol – filter Residue Filtrate Save and label â€Å"alcoholic NaHSO3† 1-2 drops of test compound1 (in test tube) + 1-2 drops alcoholic NaHSO3Observe visible changes 4. Derivatization with 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine 1-2 drops of test compound1 (in test tube) + 4. 0mL ethanol + 3. 0mL – filter – recrystallize usi ng 95% ethanol Colored hydrazone crystals Determine melting point and RGB values Compared appearance, melting points and RGB values with other hydrazones 5. Combustion Test 2-4 drops of test compound1 (in evaporating dish) – flame carefully using Bunsen burner flame Observe flammability, flame color and sootiness and compared with other test substances 1 Compounds to be tested are: cinnamaldehyde (product), benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde.IV. Data and Results Table 1. Observations on the synthesis of cinnamaldehyde. Reagent/Action Taken| Observations| Benzaldehyde| Clear, colorless, dense liquid| Acetaldehyde| Clear, colorless liquid| Sodium hydroxide| Colorless liquid| Benzaldehyde + NaOH| White mixture| Mixture + dropwise addition of acetaldehyde| Yellow oil (upper layer) and off-white lower layer| Reflux| Dark brown, opaque, viscous liquid mixture| Cooling| Formation of layers| Extraction:| | Organic layer| (Upper) Dark brown, opaque viscous liquid with cinnamon scent| Aqueo us layer| (Lower) Light brown, translucent liquid|Product| Dark brown, opaque viscous liquid with cinnamon scent| Table 2. Percent yield of the synthesis of cinnamaldehyde. Compound| Amount (mL)| Benzaldehyde| 3. 06| Acetaldehyde| 1. 68| Cinnamaldehyde:| | Theoretical| 3. 78| Experimental| 3. 46| % Yield| 91. 6 %| Table 3. Boiling points of compounds used and synthesized in the experiment. Compound| Boiling point (oC)| Benzaldehyde| 179| Acetaldehyde| 65-82| Cinnamaldehyde:| | Theoretical| 250-252| Experimental| Decomposed| Table 4. Results of the characterization tests of the product and reactants. Compound| Reaction with HNO3| Reaction with NaHSO3| Observations| (+/-)| Observations| (+/-)| Benzaldehyde| Yellow-orange liquid;Heat production | + | White precipitate | + | Acetaldehyde| Clear, colorless liquid (N. R. ) | – | White precipitate | + | Cinnamaldehyde| Two layers: opaque, dark brown (upper) and translucent, chocolate brown (lower) | + | Brown precipitate | + | Table 5. Results of the derivatization with 2,4-DNP. Compound| Observations| Melting point of hydrazone (oC)| Mean RGB Values (in hexadecimal)| | | Theoretical| Experimental| | Benzaldehyde| Orange yellow solids| 255. 25| 218| E7B01A| Acetaldehyde| Crimson red solids| 221. 6| 174| C75B34| Cinnamaldehyde| Red orange solids| 267. 76| Decomposed| AF6D21| Table 6. Observations on the combustion test of the reagents and the product. Compound| Flammability| Flame color| Sootiness| Benzaldehyde| Flammable| Orange| Sooty| Acetaldehyde| Moderately flammable| Blue| Very sooty| Cinnamaldehyde| Very flammable| Orange| Extremely sooty with black residue| Sample Calculations: V benzaldehyde = mol benzaldehyde ? MW benzaldehyde ? 1/? benzaldehyde V benzaldehyde = (0. 03 mol)(106. 12 g/mol)(1. 00 mL/1. 0415 g) V benzaldehyde = 3. 06 mL V acetaldehyde = mol acetaldehyde ?MW acetaldehyde ? 1/? acetaldehyde V acetaldehyde = (0. 03 mol)(44. 05 g/mol)(1. 00 mL/0. 788 g) V acetaldehyde = 1. 68 mL Theoretical yield = mol cinnamaldehyde ? MW cinnamaldehyde ? 1/? cinnamaldehyde Theoretical yield = (0. 03 mol)(132. 16 g/mol)(1. 00 mL/1. 05 g) Theoretical yield = 3. 776 mL %Yield = (3. 46 mL/3. 776 mL) ? 100% %Yield = 91. 6% Maximum loss by solvation V cinnamaldehyde = ? cinnamaldehyde ? solubility in H2O ? V water V cinnamaldehyde = (1. 00 mL/1. 05 g)(4. 09? 10-4 g/mL)[9. 00 mL+(0. 030 mol)(18. 016 g/mol)](1. 00 mL/g) V cinnamaldehyde = (1. 00 mL/1. 05 g) (4. 09? 0-4 g/mL)(9. 54 mL) V cinnamaldehyde = 3. 72? 10-3 mL %Loss by solvation = (V cinnamaldehyde lost/ Theoretical yield) ? 100% %Loss by solvation = (3. 72? 10-3 mL/3. 776 mL) ? 100% %Loss by solvation = 0. 098% V. Discussion Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde or 3-phenyl-2-propenal is the dominant component of cinnamon oil, extracted from several species of Cinnamomum (C. verum, C. burmanii, C. cassia), under the family Lauraceae, a group of evergreen trees. Cinnamon bark (particularly C. verum) yields 0. 4-0. 8% oil, which contains 6 0-80% cinnamaldehyde (List and Horhammer; Masada; Ravindran qtd. rom Khan and Abourashed, 2011), which was first isolated in 1834 by Dumas and Peligot (Attokaran, 2011). It has been proven that cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon oil has a very high potency in the field of medicine, aside from its well known role in the cooking and baking, specifically as spice, odorant and colorant. Several researches have explained and proven the anti-diabetic properties of cinnamaldehyde (Babu, Prabuseenivasan and Ignacimuthu, 2006); also, studies have shown the antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde against Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis (Council of Europe, 2008).Cinnamaldehyde has been proven to inhibit microbial growth of opportunistic human pathogenic fungi and various bacteria (Khan and Abourashed, 2011). Though effective approaches in the isolation of cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon oil from quills, low amounts of pure cinnamaldehyde can only be obtained from effective separation proc esses. Due to this demarcation in the discovery and investigation of other potential medicinal and non-medicinal values of cinnamaldehyde, chemists have also developed synthetic procedures to obtain high amounts of pure cinnamaldehyde, one of which is the mixed aldol condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde.The synthesis of cinnamaldehyde through mixed-aldol condensation was done by mixing, in a cooled microreflux, benzaldehyde, portions of 15% sodium hydroxide solution and acetaldehyde, added in a dropwise manner, and then refluxing the mixture for 15-20 minutes. Isolation of the synthesized cinnamaldehyde was done simply by separating the water insoluble cinnamaldehyde layer from the aqueous layer. Aldol condensation is the reaction of aldehydes and/or ketones leading to the formation of ? -hydroxyaldehydes (aldols) or ? hydroxyketones (ketols), also known as the aldol addition, accompanied by the removal of water molecule (dehydration) from these compounds result finally to enals (? , ? -unsaturated aldehydes) or enones (? , ? -unsaturated ketones) (Moore and Langley, 2010; McMurry and Simanek, 2008; Fox and Whitesell, 2004). Aldol additions are due to the reaction of enolate ions of carbonyl compounds (from the reaction of acidic ? -hydrogen atoms of aldehydes and ketones with bases) with the electrophilic centers of other carbonyl compounds.Dehydration, which can be spontaneous due to formation of a more conjugated system or promoted by heating, then leads to the generation of the ? , ? -unsaturated carbonyl compounds as the final product of the aldol condensation (McMurry and Simanek, 2008; Fox and Whitesell, 2004). Aldol condensations can be classified as simple and mixed-(or cross-) aldol condensation. The difference between the two classifications is that simple aldol condensation utilizes only one aldehyde or ketone substrate while the mixed-aldol condensation uses two different carbonyl compounds as the substrate for the reaction (Fox and White sell, 2004).The mixed-aldol condensation was type of reaction employed in the experiment; however, simple aldol condensation, also known as self-condensation was one of the expected side reactions in the conducted study. The general equation for the synthesis of cinnamaldehyde was: The mechanism of the synthesis reaction can be proposed as: 6. Formation of ethenolate ion nucleophile 7. Aldol addition: Formation of 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanal 8. Dehydration: Formation of cinnamaldehyde The initial step done in the experiment was combining 3. 06 milliliter benzaldehyde with three 3. 0 milliliter portions of 15% sodium hydroxide with dropwise addition of 1. 68 milliliter acetaldehyde while swirling the mixture, which was in the microreflux, dipped in an ice bath. Benzaldehyde, followed by 3. 00-milliliter portion of 15% sodium hydroxide solution, was first put into the microreflux instead of the acetaldehyde to prevent acetaldehyde from undergoing self-condensation with the following ge neral equation: Compared to acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde has no 3 ? -hydrogen atoms, which can react with the nucleophile, hydroxide ions, to form a strong nucleophile, the ethenolate ion.Ethenolate ions can attack acetaldehyde instead of attacking benzaldehyde. Thus, benzaldehyde, which can remain as it is in sodium hydroxide, was put in first until the formation and attack of the nucleophile, which was formed right after acetaldehyde was dropped into the reaction mixture. The following is the mechanism of the self-condensation of acetaldehyde, which was minimized by the procedure carried out: Addition of 3. 00-milliliter portions of 15% sodium hydroxide solution, a dilute base, was done to compensate for the combination of benzaldehyde and sodium hydroxide, before adding acetaldehyde.Benzaldehyde reacts with strong, concentrated bases to form benzenecarboxylate and hydroxymethylbenzene; this is known as the Canizzarro reaction. Canizzarro reaction (mechanism shown below) was minimiz ed by the addition of the strong base in small portions, before adding the acetaldehyde, and using a dilute solution of it. Cooling of the mixture in ice bath was done to favor the reaction aldol condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde, a spontaneous reaction due to the higher degree of conjugation of the product, while disfavoring the self-condensation of acetaldehyde, a heat-requiring reaction (Fox and Whitesell, 2004).Dropwise addition of the enolizable compound, acetaldehyde, was performed to minimize the drastic formation of ethenolate ions while unreacted acetaldehyde molecules still exist in the mixture. The phenomenon was prevented since it would have entailed the self-condensation of acetaldehyde, which could have caused lower yield in the experiment since the reagent would have been consumed in the unnecessary reaction just stated. The microreflux was shaken while the mixture was still being prepared to distribute the ethenolate ions formed though the mixture for the m to react with the electrophile, benzaldehyde.This procedure was also done to minimize the possibility of the self-condensation of acetaldehyde since the ethenolate ions generated were expected to have reacted with benzaldehyde since they were distributed with the aid by shaking before the next drop of acetaldehyde came in contact with mixture. Furthermore, since the reaction mixture was cold, the reaction was expected to be slow; thus, shaking can compensate for the slow movement of molecules and ions in the mixture by somehow supplying the energy needed for the slow-moving benzaldehyde molecules and ethenolate ions to collide.Refluxing was done to: (1) react the still unreacted benzaldehyde molecules and ethenolate ions; and (2) promote the dehydration of the 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanal to finally form the 3-phenyl-2-propenal or the cinnamaldehyde. Refluxing intimately mixes substances by increasing the contact between the reactant particles through boiling and evaporation, follow ed by the condensation in the reflux condenser (due to the removal of heat by the cold water flowing in the condenser) and restoration of the synthesized compound and the little (expected) amount of the unreacted reagents on their original vessel (Mayo, Pike and Forbes, 2001).Refluxing the mixture was very advantageous to the conducted experiment since it ensured higher yield and faster dehydration of the 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanal, though the stated reaction was expected to be spontaneous due to the higher degree of conjugation of the product (3-phenyl-2-propenal) compared to the 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanal. The synthesized cinnamaldehyde was readily separable (solubility of cinnamaldehyde in water=4. 09? 10-4gram/milliliter) with the lower aqueous layer; however, cooling of the mixture was done first to decrease the solubility of the cinnamaldehyde to achieve higher recoverable amount of the product.Liquid-liquid extraction to recover the solvated cinnamaldehyde was not done since the maximum amount of solvated cinnamaldehyde was just 0. 098% of the theoretical yield (see Sample Calculations), thus the recovery of such little amount of product would be wasteful in terms of effort and reagents. Graduated cylinder was used directly as the receiver of the organic layer separated to determine right away the amount of synthesized cinnamaldehyde. The determination of the amount of product in this kind of manner was performed to minimize the loss of products due to the adherence of the very viscous product on the sides of different containers.The amount of the synthesized cinnamaldehyde was found to be 3. 46 milliliter, 91. 6% of the theoretical yield which was computed as 3. 776 milliliter. Possible sources of error in the experiment were: the losses of minimal amount of reagents due to their adherence on the sides of the Pasteur pipets and 50-milliliter beakers; and the losses of the synthesized cinnamaldehyde caused by its adhesion on the sides of the microreflux , surface of the boiling chip and the inside surface of the separatory, caused by the high viscosity of cinnamaldehyde.The lack of further purification process on the cinnamaldehyde, which could still contain traces of benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde and other side products, could also be a factor, leading to the incorrectness of the results of the experiment. The synthesized cinnamaldehyde was expected to be constituted of the cis- and trans- diastereomers; however, it was expected that the trans-isomer was the major component of the product. The reason for the claim was that higher possibility of existence of its trans-isomer-forming transition state conformation compared to the cis-isomer-forming transition state conformation.Elimination to a trans double bond from the staggered conformation of the 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanal transition state, wherein the carbonyl group and the phenyl group are in the anti position to minimize the steric effects on the molecule, was still favored, thou gh the carbonyl group is relatively small, compared to the energetically less stable gauche conformation (due to steric interactions of the carbonyl group and the large phenyl group) of the 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanal, which can cause the cis-isomer formation (Carey and Sundberg, 2001). (a)(b) Figure 1.Balls and sticks representation of 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanal in the conformations for the formation of (a) trans-cinnamaldehyde and (b) cis-cinnamaldehyde. Carbon 2 shadows carbon 3 to show the anti-conformation in (a) and the gauche conformation in (b) of the phenyl and the carbaldehyde groups. Further proof that the formation of the trans-cinnamaldehyde was favored in the reaction was the coplanar arrangement of the highly conjugated aldol condensation product. According to Fox and Whitesell (2004), extended conjugation of the benzene ring with the alkene double bond and carbon-oxygen double bond of the carbonyl group in the ? ? -unsaturated aldehyde product leads to the flat, copla nar arrangement of the product. The p orbital overlap of extensive ? system of the carbonyl group and the alkene is greatest as the ? systems arrange in a single plane, which leads to higher stability of the molecule in terms of the conjugation present. Having a flat product would cause the increased torsional strain on the molecule due to the very close distance of the carbonyl group and the benzene ring. Therefore, cis-benzaldehyde, given the stated situation, is highly unstable and is not preferentially formed over trans-benzaldehyde. (a) (b) Figure 2.Balls and sticks representation of (a) trans-cinnamaldehyde and (b) cis-cinnamaldehyde, viewed at different perspectives to show the differences in the flatness of the two molecules that contribute to their stabilities. Possible side reactions in the experiment conducted were the self-condensation of acetaldehyde and Canizzarro reaction as previously stated along with the preventive measures exercised to minimize their occurrence. S elf-condensation of acetaldehyde was expected to be greatly minimized by the procedure employed and the fact that it is energetically unfavorable, according to Fox and Whitesell (2004).Furthermore, even if the reaction took place, it would have been very minimal since it is a reversible reaction, which was competed with a more favorable reaction that is followed by an irreversible somehow spontaneous dehydration reaction. Depletion of the ethenolate ions (due to the consumption in the addition of benzaldehyde and ethenolate ions, then conversion of the intermediate to cinnamaldehyde) causes the competing self-addition of acetaldehyde to proceed backwards, forming back the acetaldehyde and ethenolate ions, which can be consumed in the aldol condensation of cinnamaldehyde and acetaldehyde.Simple distillation was done to determine the boiling point of the synthesized cinnamaldehyde; however, decomposition was observed in the middle of the procedure, causing the failure of the melting p oint determination attempt; but supported that it was possible that cinnamaldehyde. The observed decomposition can be attributed to the instability of cinnamaldehyde, usually denoted by thickening and decomposition, when exposed for a long time to air at elevated temperatures but lower than its boiling point (>70 °C) (Gholivand and Ahmadi, 2008).Decomposition of natural cinnamaldehyde, however, is not observable in baking and cooking due to the presence of eugenol impurities on cinnamon oil, which has antioxidative properties that protect cinnamaldehyde from heat-induced decomposition (â€Å"Cinnamaldehyde Content†). The chemical tests performed were reaction with nitric acid, formation of the sodium bisulfite addition complex and derivatization with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.Reaction with nitric acid is a test for the differentiation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. Aromatic aldehydes undergo nitration with concentrated nitric acid under normal conditions. Positive t est results can are color changes and/or heat production. The general equation for the nitration of aromatic aldehydes is: Results of the reaction with nitric acid were shown in Table 4. Figure 3. Test results for the reaction of nitric acid with acetaldehyde (left), benzaldehyde (middle) and cinnamaldehyde (right).Positive test results were observed with benzaldehyde and with cinnamaldehyde by the production of colored mixtures, yellow and brown, respectively, accompanied by heat production as shown by the following specific mechanism: 1. Formation of nitrosonium ion 2. Electrophilic addition of the nitrosonium ion to the aromatic aldehyde (a) Cinnamaldehyde Ortho attack Para attack (b) Benzaldehyde (Meta attack) (c) Acetaldehyde Reaction with alcoholic sodium bisulfite solution is a confirmatory test for aldehydes and ketones, having the following reaction and mechanism: Mechanism:Results of the reaction of the compounds with alcoholic sodium bisulfite solution were listed in Tabl e 4. Positive results were observed with acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde, which were denoted by the formation of transparent accumulation which turned to white precipitate, white precipitate and brown precipitate, respectively. Figure 4. Test results of the reaction of alcoholic sodium bisulfite with cinnamaldehyde (left), benzaldehyde (middle) and acetaldehyde (right). Sodium bisulfite addition complexes were the observed precipitates of the following reactions:Derivatization with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was done to support the identity of the cinnamaldehyde by the determination of the melting point of the hydrazone formed in the derivatization since the boiling point of the cinnamaldehyde was impractical to measure given that it is relatively high and the product, being impure can undergo decomposition. Derivatization with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was performed by dissolving the test compound (cinnamaldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde) in 4. 00 milliliter of ethanol and adding 3. 0 milliliter 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution. The formed precipitate was then filtered and then recrystallized using minimum amount of 95% ethanol solution. The general equation and the mechanism of the reaction can be proposed as: Mechanism: Results of the derivatization, with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, were shown in Table 5. The following are the equations for the derivatization of each aldehyde with 2,4-DNP in the experiment: Colors of the derivatives obtained were qualitatively different due to the differences in their degrees of conjugation.Decomposition of the cinnamaldehyde hydrazone was observed, which hindered the determination of the melting point of the hydrazone. Deviations from theoretical melting point values of the two other hydrazones were observed on the experimental melting points gathered. The observed discrepancies maybe ascribed to the efficiency of the Fisher-Johns melting point apparatus and/or the quality of the reagents (benza ldehyde, acetaldehyde and 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) used.To compensate for the failure in the melting point determination of the cinnamaldehyde hydrazone, the RGB (Red, Blue, Green) values or the web color keywords used by computer monitors to generate colors (McFarland, 2009), of the three hydrazones were determined and tested for significant differences using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Figure 5. Isolated and purified hydrazones of benzaldehyde (left), acetaldehyde (middle) and cinnamaldehyde (right). Mean RGB values obtained for cinnamaldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde were shown in Table 5.Results of the Analysis of Variance revealed significantly differences among the red values and among the green values of the three hydrazones and no significant differences among the blue values of the hydrazones. Having significantly different values on at least one of the RGB values proves that the composition of the hydrazones was significantly different, thus implying that the p robable presence of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the product was negligible and that cinnamaldehyde can be the compound present.Results of the combustion test were shown in Table 6. Combustion is a chemical reaction between a substance and oxygen that proceeds with the evolution with heat and light as flame (Stoker, 2009). It can be complete, where all of the substance totally undergoes combustion with carbon dioxide and water as the product (general) or incomplete, caused by several factors, which brings about carbon monoxide and elemental carbon formation (soot).Observed differences in the sootiness of acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde were due to the differences in the number of carbon atoms and the differences in the degrees of unsaturation of the molecules of each of the compounds. Incomplete combustion is generally observed in long chain hydrocarbons and other organic compounds given that oxygen is limited (Johnson, 1999; Macomber, 1996) since oxygen is consume d along with the carbon of the organic compound to produce carbon dioxide while hydrogen atoms are utilized, also along with oxygen, to produce water.Furthermore, unsaturated organic compounds (having as much carbon-carbon double bond) favors incomplete combustion since the number of carbon atoms is relatively higher than the number of hydrogen atoms; excess carbon atoms cannot be used up in the combustion process to produce carbon dioxide (when oxygen supply limited) and thus soot forms (Lister and Renshaw, 2000). It has been show in the balanced equations of the combustion each compound that cinnamaldehyde requires the highest amount of oxygen, followed by benzaldehyde and, lastly, by acetaldehyde.Given that, in the combustion test conducted, oxygen supply was almost uniform among the three, soot formation was predicted to be observed more prominently on cinnamaldehyde (product), followed by benzaldehyde and lastly by acetaldehyde due to the amount of carbon atoms and the relative number of unsaturations on each molecules. The same arrangement was also the experimental arrangement of the compounds with respect to the observed degrees of sootiness after the carried out combustion test.The structure of cinnamaldehyde was supported by the positive reaction of cinnamaldehyde with nitric acid and with alcoholic sodium bisulfite. Though it can be inferred that the detected compound can also be benzaldehyde, the cinnamaldehyde color (yellow to brown), viscosity and the cinnamon aroma of the compound (which are qualitatively different from the color, viscosity and odor of benzaldehyde), the characteristic decomposition of cinnamaldehyde below its boiling point and the results of the combustion test can be used as further evidence of the identity of the compound produced.Possible sources of error in the experiment were the quality of the reagents used, intervals of dropping acetaldehyde on the mixture, lack of further purification process, lack of more evident physic al and chemical characterization method for the product, efficiency of the melting point apparatus utilized and the storage of cinnamaldehyde product for too long prior to derivatization. I. Summary and ConclusionThe special synthesis experiment, entitled â€Å"Mixed-Aldol Condensation: Synthesis of Cinnamaldehyde†, was conducted to synthesize cinnamaldehyde from the base-catalyzed mixed aldol condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde; and characterize the synthesized product using its boiling point, results of simple chemical tests and derivatization reactions, along with the determination of the melting points of the hydrazones and comparison of the hydrazones using their RGB values.The synthesis of cinnamaldehyde through mixed-aldol condensation was done by mixing, in a cooled microreflux, benzaldehyde, portions of 15% sodium hydroxide solution and acetaldehyde, added in a dropwise manner, and then refluxing the mixture for 15-20 minutes. Isolation of the synthesized c innamaldehyde was done simply by separating the water insoluble cinnamaldehyde layer from the aqueous layer. Determination of the volume of the synthesized substance was then performed.Chemical test carried out were test for aromatic ring (reaction with nitric acid), test for aldehydes (reaction with alcoholic sodium bisulfite) and derivatization with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine while the physical characterization test done were boiling point determination using simple distillation and melting point determination of the derivatized hydrazones. RGB values of the isolated and recrystallized hydrazones were obtained and tested for significant differences using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It was shown that positive test results were exhibited by cinnamaldehyde and benzaldehyde in their reactions with nitric acid.It was also shown that positive test results were displayed by cinnamaldehyde, benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde in their reactions with alcoholic sodium bisulfite. The boiling po int of the isolated product and the melting point of the cinnamaldehyde hydrazone were not obtained due to the decomposition of the stated compound. However, RGB values of the hydrazones were obtained. Results of the Analysis of Variance of the RGB values of the hydrazones revealed significantly differences among the red values and among the green values and no significant differences among the blue values of the hydrazones.Based on the results, it can be concluded that that synthesized product was different from the starting materials and that it was possible that the product was cinnamaldehyde due to the highly colored hydrazone formed. Though chemical tests were successfully done, boiling point determination of the product and melting point determination of its hydrazone were unsuccessfully performed due to the decomposition of both product and its hydrazone; however, chemical tests done and physical properties exhibited by the compound were considerable as enough indicant of the identity of the compound.Based on the readily perceivable physical characteristics of the compound produced and the results of the chemical tests performed and observed, it can be concluded that the synthesized compound was genuinely cinnamaldehyde. Based on the results of the experiment, it was proven that cinnamaldehyde, constituted primarily of trans-cinnamaldehyde, with a percent yield of 91. 6%, was successfully synthesized using the described procedure of the student.Furthermore, the procedure constructed and performed was proven to have minimized the possible side reactions which could have impeded the yield, physical properties and authenticity of the executed chemical tests. Possible sources of error in the experiment were the quality of the reagents used, intervals of dropping acetaldehyde on the mixture, lack of further purification process, lack of more evident physical and chemical characterization method for the product, efficiency of the melting point apparatus utili zed and the storage of cinnamaldehyde product for too long rior to derivatization. II. References ABOURASHED EA and KHAN IA. 2011. Leung’s Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients: Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. Germany: J. Wiley and Sons. ATTOKARAN M. 2011. Natural Food Flavors and Colorants. Germany: J. Wiley and Sons. BABU P, PRABUSEENIVASAN S and IGNACIMUTHU S. 2006. Cinnamaldehyde: A Potential Antidiabetic Agent. Phytomedicine. 1:15-22. CAREY FA and SUNDBERG RJ. 2001. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B: Reactions and Synthesis. 4th Ed. USA: Plenum Publishers. COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 008. Natural Sources of Flavorings. France: Council of Europe. FOX MA and WHITESELL JK. 2004. Organic Chemistry. 3rd Ed. USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. GHOLIVAND MB and AHMADI F. 2008. Simultaneous Determination of Trans-Cinnamaldehyde and Benzaldehyde in Different Real Samples by Differential Pulse Polarography and Study of Heat Stability of Trans-Cinnamaldehyde. Analytical Letters. 41: 3324-3341. JOHNSON W. 1999. Invitation to Organic Chemistry. USA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. LISTER T and RENSHAW J. 2000.Understanding Chemistry for Advanced Level. China: Nelson Thornes. MACOMBER R. 1996. Organic Chemistry. USA: University Science Books. MAYO D, PIKE R. and FORBES, D. 2001. Microscale Organic Laboratory: With Multistep and Multiscale Syntheses. USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. MCFARLAND, DS. 2009. CSS: The Missing Manual. 2nd Ed. USA: O’Reilly Media Inc. MCMURRY J and SIMANEK E. 2008. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. 6th Ed. Singapore: Thomson Learning. MOORE JT and LANGLEY RH. 2010. Organic Chemistry II for Dummies.USA: Wiley Publishing. STOKER S. 2009. General, Organic and Biological Chemistry. USA: Cengage Learning. â€Å"Cinnamaldehyde Content Foods Determined Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry†. Retrieved from APPENDIX A Randomly Selected RGB Values of Different Hydrazones Table 7. Sample RGB values of acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde and cinnamald ehyde hydrazones and their mean values. Sample No. Acetaldehyde| Benzaldehyde| Cinnamaldehyde| | Red| Green| Blue| Red| Green| Blue| Red| Green| Blue| 1| 202| 90| 52| 203| 168| 25| 185| 107| 22| 2| 189| 85| 50| 239| 170| 17| 173| 106| 53| 3| 195| 97| 58| 233| 185| 25| 185| 114| 22| 4| 206| 101| 54| 236| 171| 43| 174| 102| 18| 5| 199| 80| 40| 232| 176| 19| 173| 109| 37| 6| 201| 81| 57| 236| 181| 29| 174| 123| 40| 7| 201| 99| 59| 236| 179| 28| 170| 103| 24| 8| 198| 92| 42| 232| 178| 18| 164| 105| 45| Mean Values (decimal)| 199| 91| 52| 231| 176| 26| 175| 109| 33| Mean Values (hexadecimal)| C7| 5B| 34| E7| B0| 1A| AF| 6D| 21|APPENDIX B Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the RGB Values of the Hydrazones RED Source| DF| SS| MS| FC| FTAB| Treatment| 2| 12682. 75| 6341. 375| 90. 76086216| 3. 466800112| Error| 21| 1467. 25| 69. 86904762| | | Total| 23| 14150| | | | GREEN Source| DF| SS| MS| FC| FTAB| Treatment| 2| 32406. 08| 16203. 04| 328. 5193| 3. 4668| Error| 21| 1035. 75| 49. 32143| | | To tal| 23| 33441. 83| | | | BLUE Source| DF| SS| MS| FC| FTAB| Treatment| 2| 2888. 083| 1444. 042| 1. 039985| 3. 4668| Error| 21| 29158. 96| 1388. 522| | | Total| 23| 4899. 958| | | |