The Indian Agriculture Sector

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. It accounts for nearly 20 percent of the aggregate output. To be specific, nearly half of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood (Government of India, 2010, p. 6). Contribution of the agricultural sector to the economy is declining, however other sectors thrive.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Indian Agriculture Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, approximately 45 percent of the total output was obtained from the agricultural sector in the early 70s,. The figure has dropped to less than 20 percent in the last decade. Nonetheless, agriculture still remains a significant source of employment for many Indians. It provides jobs to over half of the country’s population (Government of India, 2010, p. 12). The dwindling agricultural production has led to a decrease in agricultural exports and an increase in agricultural import s. The ratio of agricultural exports to the total exports dropped to 10 percent in 2010 compared to 20 percent in the early ’90s. On the other hand, the ratio of agricultural imports to the aggregate imports grew by approximately 6.6 percent in the last three decades (Government of India, 2010, p. 13). The decrease in agricultural production and the increase in agricultural imports have been a cause of major concern. Hot debates didn’t provide any solution to the problem, as well as small reforms. situation deteriorated which led to introduction of the next five-year plan. As a result, the government came up with a five-year plan, which solely targets the agricultural sector. The five-year plan is aimed at reversing the disturbing trend in the sector. The five-year plan puts emphasis on the country’s self-sufficiency and self-reliance in the food production (Vaidyanathan, 2010, p. 9; Government of India, 2013, p. 5). This paper explores the impact of the 11th fi ve-year plan on India’s agricultural sector, particularly in promoting local food production and economy stability. 11TH  Five Year Plans (2007-2011) As the country’s population keeps growing, the nation needed to enhance its food production to take care of the ever-increasing demand. Given the significance of the agricultural sector to the economy, the government introduced the 11th five-year plan to provide support and incentives to farmers and other stakeholders in order to enhance production of food (Government of India, 2013, p. 5).Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are four principal elements of this policy. The first element is enhancement of viability of agricultural operations by increasing market access, availing insurance cover, and monitoring agricultural commodity prices (IBEF, 2013, p. 7). The second element is provision of suitable technologies thr ough research and training. The third element is increase of budgetary allocation for agriculture and its infrastructure so as to improve efficient use of natural resources and of agricultural commodity markets functioning. Last but not least is provision of better delivery of services, for instance, loans to farmers, veterinary services and general farm inputs. In a nutshell, the 11th five-year plan was aimed at increasing food production by providing special programs and building agricultural infrastructure (IBEF, 2013, p. 7). The Impact of the 11th Five-Year Plan on the economy and local food production Figure 1 below shows India’s GDP growth rate over the last ten years. It is clear that between 1997 and 2007 the real agricultural output was decreasing, whereas the non-agricultural output was increasing. The ratio of agricultural GDP to the total GDP was very low during that period. This forced the government to reconsider its policy on food production, hence to introduce the 11th five-year plan (Central Statistics Office, 2011, p. 44). The 11th five-year program introduced the National Food Security Mission (NFSM), which significantly increased production of cereals in the country. The principal goal of the National Food Security Mission was to establish scientific elements which incorporate mechanization, soil supplements and crop security measures (Government of India, 2013, p. 6). The 11th five-year plan helped to attain 3.2 percent agricultural GDP growth. Even though the figure was below the projected value of 4 percent, it was significantly better than the figures under the previous policies (Central Statistics Office, 2011, p. 45). Figure 1: Agriculture and Non-Agriculture GDP Growth Rate in India in the Last DecadeAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Indian Agriculture Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Source: (Central Statistics Office, 2011) Before the introduc tion of the 11th five-year plan, the share of acreage of agricultural lands decreased by approximately 20 million hectares. Similarly, the area under food grains shrank by 10 percent. The lowest production was recorded in 2008. However, the introduction of new technologies under the 11th five-year plan led to 80 percent increase in acreage of agricultural lands. The production of rice, wheat and maize increased significantly, followed by pulses on the second place. Under the 11th five-year plan, food grain output increased by 2.3 percent (Central Statistics Office, 2011, p. 45). Generally, Indian agribusiness is characterized by diminutive and divided area holdings. There are around 130 million active holdings in the country. On average, each active holding possesses approximately 1.2 hectares. Less than 1 percent own more than 10 hectares (Sharma, 2011, p. 6). Before the introduction of the 11th five-year plan, the overall productivity among the smallholder producers was exceedingl y low. Their participation in the market was poor because of such reasons as high transaction costs, low yields, inadequate information and small market consumption. In addition, increased land fragmentation led to big losses on farmlands. As a result, many farmers opted to lease their lands or seek gainful employment outside the agricultural sector (IBEF, 2013, p. 5). The introduction of the 11th five-year plan brought some positive results. The 11th five-year plan supported the formation of cooperatives and self-help groups. The cooperatives and self-help groups not only helped farmers to access credit facilities, but also to market their products. The government increased access to loan facilities by providing interest-free loans and subsidized inputs.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For this reason, many Indians went back to farming (IBEF, 2013, p. 6). By the end of 2012, cultivation areas had increased by 8 million hectares. The government also introduced other support programs through the 11th five-year plan, such as water for canal irrigation, power for groundwater pumping, retention price subsidy scheme for fertilizers, and access to the international market (IBEF, 2013, p. 7). According to the IBEF (2013, p. 7), the main objective of the 11th five-year plan was to increase the production of food grains by 20 million tons. The government allocated roughly 900 million U.S. dollars for the project. There are four main achievements of the 11th five-year plan for the first year according to the National Food Security Mission (NFSM). The first achievement was a 70 million tons to over 90 million tons increase of wheat production. The second achievement was a 90 million tons to over 110 million tons increase of rice production. The third achievement was an 80 mil lion tons to over 100 million tons increase of maize production. And the last was a 13 million tons to over 15 million tons increase of pulse production (IBEF, 2013, p. 7). Figure 2 below highlights the growth rate of land, labor and capital output based on the agricultural GDP index. Even though the productivity growth rate in the agricultural sector has always been low, averaging 2 percent per year, during the 11th five-year plan it reached 5 percent. This was the highest figure recorded in the country’s history. The closest was 3 percent, which was recorded in 1981. As a matter of fact, the Commission of Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) estimated the growth rate of real wages in the agricultural sector at 8 percent per annum during the period (Government of India, 2013, p. 9). Figure 2: Growth Rate of Land, Labor and Capital Output Source: (Government of India, 2013, p. 9) The introduction of the scientific elements, for instance, labor saving mechanization led to the rapid increase of private investment in the agricultural sector. This is attributed to the country’s rigid labor laws and the ever-increasing wages (Shiva, 2013, p. 2). Although mechanization helped farmers to deal with labor challenges, it caused a sharp decline in capital productivity. Even though moderated by gains from trade deals and debt cancellation, long-term investment in the agricultural sector may be unsustainable due to deteriorating capital productivity (Shiva, 2013, p. 3). The 12th five-year plan (2012-2017), which is basically a continuation of the 11th five-year plan also emphasizes increase of food grains production. The two plans (11th and 12th five-year plans) recognize the fact that self-sufficiency in food production can only be attained by increasing the production of staple foods. In India, food security is inextricably linked to food grains. Therefore, the debates on food shortages are concentrated on rice, wheat, maize and pulses (Sharma Dinesh, 201 1, p. 30). 12th five-year plan is also expected to produce high results and solve a lot of food problems in India. The 11th five-year plan helped substantially to make India a food sufficient country, despite the rapid growth of population. In other words, India is currently food secure due to the 11th five-year plan (IBEF, 2013, p. 9). Conclusion Agriculture in India is both a source of food and livelihood. In addition, the sector is very important to the country’s economy. However, the period between 1997 and 2007 was characterized by low agricultural productivity and high levels of food shortage. This forced the Indian government to spend a large amount of money on food import. On the other hand, the ratio of agricultural imports to the aggregate imports grew by approximately 6.6 percent in the last three decades regardless of the initiated key reforms in the agricultural sector. However, the reform programs were ineffective. This led to the introduction of the 11th five-y ear plan, which was aimed at making India a food-secure country through the production of food grains. The plan significantly helped reverse the situation. As a matter of fact, the 12th five-year plan, which runs up to 2017, is just a continuation of the 11th five-year plan. The 12th five-year plan also aims at increasing the production of food grains, which are staples in India. References Central Statistics Office 2011, Revised Estimates of Annual National Income 2010-11 and Quarterly Estimates of Gross Domestic Product, 2010-11, Central Statistics Office, New Delhi. Government of India 2010, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2010. Web. Government of India 2013, Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017): Economic Sectors, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, New Delhi. IBEF 2013, The Indian Agriculture Sector: Investments, Growth and Prospects, India Brand Equity Foundation, New Delhi. Sharma, VP Dinesh, J 2011, High Value Agriculture in India: past Trends and Future P rospects. Web. Sharma, VP 2011, India’s Agricultural Development under the New Economic Regime: Policy Perspective and Strategy for the 12th Five Year Plan, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Shiva, V 2013, Agricultural Sector in India. Web. Vaidyanathan, A 2010, Agriculture Growth in India: Role of Technology, Incentives and  Institutions, Oxford University Press, New York. This essay on The Indian Agriculture Sector was written and submitted by user Lilia Ramos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gun Control Essay Essay Example

Gun Control Essay Essay Example Gun Control Essay Essay Gun Control Essay Essay Essay Topic: Gun Control Abstraction Some grounds why colleges should look at the Torahs that they put in topographic point and attempt to alter them. Students should hold the right to hide arms on college campuses. The guns provide the protection that may be necessary in certain state of affairss. Like the Virginia Tech Shooting. many people could hold been saved if merely one individual had a gun. Having a gun gives a sense of safety to many people on the campus. particularly for adult females with a greater hazard of interlopers and rapers. For these adult females. cognizing that they have a manner to support themselves can put their heads to ease. Though some believe that the allowance of guns would increase force on campus. no other college that has allowed concealed pieces has had an issue. Another refering issue would be that holding guns on campus would be easier for pupils to perpetrate self-destruction ; there are merely some things in life that governments can non command. and that is one of them. The right t o hold a concealed arm on campus should be conveyed freely. : Position Paper – Legalize Concealed Weapons on College Campuses Liberty senior. Craig Storrs. says. â€Å"It makes me experience unafraid knowing I would be able to support myself if something does go on. like Virginia Tech or if I get stopped on the street for a mugging or something like that† ( Barry. 2011 ) . The subject of legalising hidden arms on college campuses has been argued for many old ages. Some colleges have legalized concealed arms on campus and have non had jobs. but many will non even think about legalising hidden arms. Transporting a hidden arm at the age of 21 is a right including a college campus. because it offers protection and safety to pupils ( Students for concealed. 2008 ) . Background of Concealed Weapons on College Campuses Since the Virginia Tech hiting. many colleges have changed their on-campus Torahs refering pieces. In eight provinces. the statute law is sing if pupils and staff would be able to transport a hidden arm into college edifices. Many functionaries did non desire to hold another repetition the Virginia Tech hiting. Two old ages before the Virginia Tech shot. the lawgivers of Texas rejected a measure to let hidden arms onto college campuses. Since so. the measure has come back with better statements for the right to hold a concealed arm on college campuses. Corey Zipper. a 21 year-old psychological science major. went to the province capitol to speak to the functionaries to go through the measure. Corey Zipper stated. â€Å"We acquire the mature thing a batch – that college pupils aren’t mature adequate. And the alcohol thing – that we’re all merely boozed up all the time† ( Burnett. 2011 ) . He besides states that the jurisprudence states that â€Å"a individual much be 21 old ages old. hold a clean record and no psychiatric upsets. and take a 10-hour direction class that includes clip at a fire range† ( Burnett. 2011 ) . In 2009 Texas passed the measure to legalise holding a hidden arm on college campus ( Burnett. 2011 ) . It Gives Protection Leting pupils to transport a gun could salvage their lives. Life can be unpredictable. so when something happens people should be prepared. If by being prepared agencies they need to transport a gun. so why would the province privation to take that right from person? A individual has the right to protect his/herself and others. and a responsible piece proprietor would make such. Many lives could be saved by the simple action of leting hidden arms on college campuses ( Concealed Guns. 2011 ) . Background of Virginia Tech Shooting On April 16. 2007. Seung-Hui Cho. pupil at Virginia Tech. began his hiting about 7:15 A. M. in a coeducational residence hall. He foremost killed Emily Hilsher and Ryan Clark. The Virginia Tech Police Chief said. â€Å"We secured the edifice. we secured the offense scene† ( Caruso. n. d. ) . The governments did non set the college on lock down and had categories as schedualed. Seung-Hui Cho did non go forth the campus ; around 9:15 A. M. he started to kill once more. He went into the technology and scientific discipline edifice and chained the doors so no 1 could get away. He so went into schoolroom after schoolroom ; he killed 25 more pupils and five module members. Twenty-nine people were wounded. In the terminal Cho besides took his life ( Caruso. n. d. ) . It was reported that 19 of the 32 victims that were killed were over the age of 21. The age of 21 is the legal age for the right to hide a arm in Virginia. If these pupils would hold been able to transport a piece onto campus. so possibly these lives could hold been saved. Alternatively of 33 lives taken that twenty-four hours. there should hold been one. Innocent people would non hold died ( Students for concealed. 2008 ) . Concealed Weapons Should non Depend on Location It is stated in the Constitution that a individual has the right to bear weaponries at the age of 21. This jurisprudence does non give specific topographic points that are prohibited. Peoples should non hold to set their concealed arm off because of where they are ( The Right to Keep and Bear Arms. 1982 ) . Public Places Peoples can Transport Weapons Though colleges are little. some topographic points that allow concealed arms are smaller. When a individual goes to the films. they are allowed to transport a hidden arm. No 1 would of all time cognize because the arm is concealed. Other topographic points would include a shopping promenade. When people are shopping. the last thing they are believing is that the people next to them might hold a gun on them ( Students for concealed. 2008 ) . Make College Students Feel Safer The right to hide a arm could set some pupils at easiness. Knowing that they have a manner to salvage themselves in unsafe state of affairss may do the pupils more relaxed. If a pupil comes across a unsafe state of affairs. so they are prepared. These pupils do non hold to worry about what to make ( Marin. 2012 ) . College Intruders and Rapers It is easy for interlopers to acquire into residence halls. In New York. two work forces got into a edifice by mousing in behind another cat after he swiped his card. When the college constabulary were called they came and took the work forces without naming the bulls. If this were to go on once more. these work forces would be taken to the governments. Knowing that it is easy for unusual people to acquire into lodging. it non be a good thought to rob pupils the right to hold a concealed arm. This would give some pupils that okay to populate life and other the demand of protection that they might non be able to happen anywhere else ( Rearick. 2011 ) . One in four adult females have the opportunity of being raped in college. Guns could assist support so many different adult females. They could hold gotten out of the state of affairs if they merely had a manner of defence. Sometimes adult females are physically excessively weak to run from state of affairss like that and the allowance of a gun would supply that chance to them ( College Crime Today. n. d. ) . Counterargument: Guns on Campus Would Promote Violence . â€Å"Some professors might be afraid to publish bad classs if they know that pupils could be transporting guns† ( Students for concealed. 2008 ) . Some people believe that leting pupil to transport pieces would force them to be violent. If the pupils are allowed to transport pieces. so they will non be afraid to utilize them. If there was an statement with another pupil. so these pupils would be tempted to utilize the gun to frighten or even harm the other pupil ( Students for concealed. 2008 ) . Logical Response: Guns on Campus Would non Promote Violence There has been over 30 colleges campuses that have allowed concealed arms on their campuses. These campuses have had no issues with gun force. and at that place has non been a gun larceny or accident in all these old ages. This shows that it is a possibility to transport conceal arms and still acquire a great instruction with no distraction with no force. Studies show. â€Å"concealed handgun licence holders are five times less likely than non-license holders to perpetrate violent crimes† ( Students for concealed. 2008 ) . Counterargument: Guns on Campus Would Encourage Suicide Some believe that leting pupils to obtain pieces would increase the likelihood self-destruction. They would hold all the resources they need now that they are able to transport hidden pieces. This would do it easier for these pupils to perpetrate self-destruction without anyone knowing until after the fact. This would so increase the suicide Numberss dramatically. Leting a pupil to transport a piece that could potentially utilize to kill themselves is non the manner to assist ( Students for concealed. 2008 ) . Logical Response: Guns on Campus Would non Encourage Suicide Harmonizing to investigators. â€Å"Studies show that 90 % of self-destructions are committed in the home† ( Students for concealed. 2008 ) . Since the legal age to have a hidden arm is 21. most pupils at this age live off campus. This would non impact the Numberss every bit much as the colleges think it would. If people truly wanted to perpetrate self-destruction. so nil would stand in their manner. Leting them to hide a gun will merely give them an easier manner out ( Students for concealed. 2008 ) . Decision During the Virginia Tech Shooting many lives could hold been saved. Students could besides experience safer cognizing that they have something at that place to protect themselves and others if needed. Though pupils could turn to violence many are really responsible to be transporting this gun in the first topographic point. They merely can non acquire a gun ; they have to travel through the procedure. Another concern would be suicide. but since most of the pupils live off campus anyhow nil would halt that. It would be a lost cause to set a prohibition on hidden arms when there is nil to forestall self-destruction in the first topographic point. Once the right preparation categories are taken. it should non be a job for a individual to be able to transport his/her gun that he/she worked difficult to acquire and paid for. The right to hold a concealed arm on campus should be expressed freely. MentionsBarry. L. ( 2011 ) . Liberty university oks concealed guns on campus. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www2. newsadvance. com/news/2011/nov/16/5/liberty-university-oks-concealed-guns-campus-ar-1463719/ . Burnett. J. ( 2011 ) . Texas Lawmakers purpose for guns on college campuses. Retreieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. npr. org/2011/02/04/133466058/texas-lawmakers-aim-for-guns-on-college-campuses. Caruso. K. ( n. d. ) . What Happened: The Virginia Tech Massacure. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. virginiatechmassacre. com/what-happened-virginia-tech-massacre. hypertext markup language. College Crime Today. ( n. d. ) Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. womens-self-defense-instruction-online. com/college-crime. hypertext markup language. Concealed guns. ( 2011 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //concealedguns. procon. org/ . Frantz. A. ( 2011 ) . Texas sing concealed pistols on campus. Retrieved from hyperte xt transfer protocol: //news. web logs. cnn. com/2011/02/22/texas-weighing-concealed-handguns-on-campus/ . Marin. J. ( 2012 ) . Guns on college campuses. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //schoolsofthought. web logs. cnn. com/2012/01/03/guns-on-college-campuses/ . Rearick. J. ( 2011 ) . Intruders spark safety concerns. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. miscellanynews. com/2. 1576/intruders-spark-safety-concerns-1. 2660011 # . TxkPxJit-fQ. Students for hidden carry on campus. ( 2008 ) . Retrieved

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 12

Marketing - Essay Example Marketing is a particularly fundamental function for strategy formulation in a business. It informs a strategy, counsels it, reviews it and provides insights into strategy formulation in an organization. An outstanding marketing department is involved in a continuous cycle of measure-analyze-plan-measure. This cycle is as well a key ingredient of strategic business management function. Therefore, in essence, marketing is a key element of strategic management function. Great marketing can help the company in identifying and addressing improvement strategies to customers in either product differentiation or distribution channels (Kotler et al 2009). For example, forecasting is part of strategic planning, sales and marketing forecasts as always the main tools used in budgeting for the marketing function. In marketing research, the Research and Development personnel are essential for effective results analyses and interpretation. Kotler et al (2009), the chief aim of strategic planning i s promoting the discernment of the company in the minds of the customers and consequently to increase customer relation and profitability of the business. Business strategic planning has to be undertaken to ensure the evaluation of all the options in a given situation. In such considerations, only the marketing function and research and development function are involved in result oriented research for improvement of service to the customer. Marketing Function versus Other Organizational Functions The marketing function of a business is the process that combines the product with pricing, promotion and distribution to reach the respective customers or end users. Marketing is one of the most significant functions of a business since it has a direct impact on sales and profitability of the business as well as customer relation. Because of this importance, the marketing function has a greater interrelation with other business functions like finance, accounting, production, research and d evelopment, technology, procurement and human resource among others. Building a profitable customer relationship in the marketing function requires interaction with the other business functions (Kotler et al 2009). I. Finance and marketing Every marketing plan always includes a primary financial dimension. Key aspects of a marketing planning and control are budgeting and profitability analysis. These issues require high resolution on significant financial issues like the definition of profits (e.g. Returns to equity or returns to investment) and determination on the appropriate controls for such profits (e.g. Taxes or inventory evaluation). All marketing decisions are investment decisions aiming at profitable customer relation hence adequate financial information is significant. Nevertheless, marketing is essential for the finance department since the information generated from marketing is used in financial analysis and forecasting (Kotler et al 2009). For example, the marketing te am in organization utilizes the annual company financial reports and other financial documents to help them with budgeting. This helps to reduce duplication of work in the marketing team for employing financial personnel since the financial personnel are already available in the company. The marketing team is, therefore, able to apply financial performance indicators to their relevant respective market segments to ensure that they always remain relevant to customers. II.

Genetic and Molecular Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genetic and Molecular Biology - Essay Example The chromosome theory on inheritance said that Chromosomes are in pairs and genes, or their alleles, are located on the chromosomes. 4. Each of several Alternative forms of a Gene is called an Allele. Letters are used to represent Alleles: Capital Letters refer to a Dominant Allele that masks or hides expression of a recessive allele. Lowercase Letters refer to a Recessive Allele its expression is masked by a dominant allele. Yes, it is possible for more than two alleles of a gene to exist. 5. Scientists gradually learned about DNA in a curiously twisted fashion that is common in science. For one thing, the discovery of DNA required progress on three separate fronts: cytology (the study of cells through a microscope), genetics, and chemistry. Scientists working on DNA in the early 1950s used the term "gene" to mean the smallest unit of genetic information, but they did not know what a gene actually looked like structurally and chemically, or how it was copied, with very few errors, generation after generation. Nevertheless, many scientists continued to believe that DNA had a structure too uniform and simple to store genetic information for making complex living organisms. The genetic material, they reasoned, must consist of proteins, much more diverse and intricate molecules known to perform a multitude of biological functions in the cell. 6. Gene is a hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism. A chromosome is a grouping of coiled strands of DNA, containing many genes. 7. Each strand of DNA is a chain of chemical "building blocks", called nucleotides, of which there are four types: adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These allowable base components of nucleic acids can be polymerized in any

Effect of GDP on Electric Energy Consumption

Effect of GDP on Electric Energy Consumption A Regression Analysis of Energy Consumption with Cross-Country Data Abstract This paper reviews four existent studies and performs a cross-country multivariate regression analysis in order to determine the relationship among electric energy consumption, population, land area size, and economic growth as measured by GDP using data from authoritative sources. Results from the statistical tests confirm a positive correlation between the three regressors and the dependent variable. Introduction Energy is as much a part of us and our daily lives as is our very DNA. We need and use energy every single day even more than we may realize and it is available in an array of different forms. This analysis will focus on energy in its electrical form, where it is derived from the flow of electric charge caused by electrical attraction or repulsion between charged particles (Helmenstine, 2017). Since energy is such an essential part of life as we know it, it is not surprising that the topic has made headlines time and time again. The New York Times claims that, in a recent study, the United States was ranked eighth among twenty-three of the world’s top energy-consuming countries in efficiency, and that, according to Federal data, America loses as much as two-thirds of the power it generates through simple waste (Cavanagh, 2017). Understanding the impact of these statistics and deciding how to improve electric energy efficiency begins with interpreting the demand for and consumption of electric energy. This regression will seek to quantify the effects of a selection of variables on electric energy consumption, specifically examining Gross Domestic Product (GDP), national populations, and land area size across diversified countries around the world, and to serve as a reference and aid for policy makers in estimating marginal energy capacity needs in accordance with flu ctuations among these variables. I hypothesize that the coefficients on a country’s GDP, population, and land mass are positive when regressed against national, annual electric energy consumption. Review of Previous Literature There are a considerable number of studies that look at the effects of a nation’s production level as an economic component of its energy consumption. One pioneering study by Kraft and Kraft (1978) compiled annualized expenditure data for the time period between 1947 and 1974.   Using a bivariate Sims causality test, results presented a causal, unidirectional relationship from gross national product (GNP) to energy consumption for the United States. In order to adapt and distinguish my analysis from this 1978 study, I will focus on updated data from the time period between 2010 and 2015. Similarly, in order to improve general comprehensibility, I will regress gross domestic product (GDP), rather than GNP, on electric energy consumption. GNP is a logical and effective variable to use since it quantifies a country’s production values regardless of the geographic location of the production, but GDP is the more commonly utilized method for calculating a country’s e conomic standing and success in the world, so GDP is the particular measure we will use. Mohanty and Chaturvedi (2015) interpreted an extensive assortment of secondhand findings to determine whether electric energy consumption drives economic growth or vice versa. Mohanty and Chaturvedi reviewed forty-seven independent studies to compare the presence and direction of a causal relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. Twenty-six of the articles examined suggested the existence of a causal relationship from economic growth to energy consumption; thirty-two found energy consumption to have a causal relationship to economic growth. Eleven analyses found simultaneous causality between economic growth and energy consumption, and three found no relationship either way. After reviewing the empirical research, Mohanty and Chaturvedi then collected annualized data from India for the time period from 1970-1971 to 2011-2012 and applied the two-step Engle-Granger technique along with the Granger causality/Block exogeneity Wald test. Results suggested that electric energy consumption does in fact fuel economic growth in both the short run and the long run. However, this analysis revolves around Indian data, and the authors conclude that the lack of consensus on the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is primarily a result of country-specific economic structures, methodology adopted, and varying period of study. In order to build upon this study, I will use a similar time frame, from 2010-2015, and I will include data from one hundred seventy countries to evaluate energy consumption amongst a diverse selection of industrial systems. Ameyaw et al (2007) argues that electricity performs an essential function in the economic development of most countries. The detailed analysis specifically explores the causality nexus, the estimation of elasticity of energy consumption on economic growth and vice versa, in response to its importance in formulating and implementing energy consumption policy and environmental policy. Ameyaw et al targeted the study around Ghana after discovering that the country has not been evident or represented in much of the existent research. Amassing time series data for Ghana between 1970 and 2014, the study implements the Cobb-Douglas growth model and conducts the Vector Error Correction model in order to strategically verify the error correction adjustment. Finally, similar to the test performed by Mohanty and Chaturvedi, Ameyaw et al exercised the Granger Causality test to determine the direction of causality between electric energy consumption and economic growth. The observed findings rev ealed the existence of a unidirectional, causal relationship running from GDP to energy consumption. As a means of expanding upon this analysis, I will, as mentioned previously, use cross-country data and more recent data from 2015. Pao et al (2014) performed the final analysis which we will examine in this study. Data for this investigation were collected from Brazil during the time period between 1980 and 2008. Similar to Mohanty and Chaturvedi and to Ameyaw et al, Pao et al applied the Granger Causality test to the dataset. The results revealed a unidirectional, short-run causality from energy consumption to economic growth along with a bidirectional, robust causality between the two variables. A co-integration test was also implemented, and the outcome was the indication of a long-run equilibrium relationship between variables with electric energy consumption seeming to be real GDP elastic, which suggests that energy consumption has a strong, positive influence on variations in GDP. In the acknowledgement of previous literature, Ameyaw et al found evidence to support bidirectional, unidirectional, and no causality. This inconsistency was attributed not only to differences in location and economic structure, but also to the methodologies used in each analysis. The policy and social impacts of each outcome were explained, beginning with unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption, as this paper seeks to prove. Such an outcome may, according to Ameyaw et al, imply that the implementation of energy conservation policies may have little or no adverse effect on economic growth. On the other hand, if a unidirectional causality is found to run from energy consumption to economic growth, then it is possible that reducing energy consumption could lead to a recession in economic growth, and that increasing energy consumption might positively contribute to a country’s economic growth. In contrast, the presence of bidirectional causality between energy consumption and GDP is likely to mean that economic growth may demand more energy while greater energy consumption might encourage economic growth. Accordingly, energy conservation attempts may inadvertently stunt econo mic growth. Finally, a lack of causality in either direction would indicate a rise in GDP may not affect electric energy consumption, and that energy conservation policies may have no influence on economic growth. It is important to note that all of the data in this study were converted into natural logarithms prior to the empirical analysis so that this series can be interpreted in growth terms rather than raw values. Similar to this study, I will include policy recommendations in the conclusion according to the empirical results from my regression. Specification of the Model Following the empirical literature in energy economics, it is logical to form a multivariate regression model between electric energy consumption and economic growth as follows: ECt = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²1Popt + ÃŽ ²2LAt + ÃŽ ²3GDPt + ut, where EC represents energy consumption, Pop is population size, LA represents the land area as determined by the physical size of a country, and GDP is real GDP. The error term, ut, is assumed to be independent and identically distributed (iid) with a mean of zero and a constant variance. GDP, for this experiment, has been calculated as follows: GDP = C + I + G + NE, where C is national consumption, I is representative of investment, G is government expenditure, and NE is net exports which is measured as total imports subtracted from total exports. In accordance with observed research, the estimator coefficient on GDPt is expected to be positive; I further hypothesize that the coefficients on Popt and LAt will also be positive, such that: H0: ÃŽ ²1 ≠¤ 0, ÃŽ ²2 ≠¤ 0, and ÃŽ ²3 ≠¤ 0 H1: ÃŽ ²1 > 0, ÃŽ ²2 > 0, and ÃŽ ²3 > 0 Data Description Data for this study has been collected for the time period between 2010 and 2015 across one hundred seventy countries around the world. The regression will be performed using the 2015 data for the following three independent variables: population, land area, and GDP. Population is a sensible variable since it is logical to hypothesize that an area with higher population will have a more complex economic and social infrastructure and consequently greater demand for electric energy. Land area is reasonably expected to have the same effect on electric energy consumption as population does, since a larger country likely has a greater population and so on. The final variable to be regressed is GDP since it is a rational measure of economic growth and success. More developed countries, a.k.a. those with higher GDP, commonly have more advanced infrastructures and more taxing industrial and agricultural systems; subsequently, greater demand for electric energy is inferential. Population and GDP data were compiled from the World Bank, a regularly updated, open-access center for international data and statistics. To enhance comprehensibility, GDP values have been adjusted for inflation to reflect current U.S. dollars (USD). Electric energy consumption data were drawn from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), a government funded organization dedicated to collecting and analyzing impartial, independent energy data. Information from the EIA’s public access website is trusted and used by legislators, policy makers, and statisticians around the world. Figure 1. Cross-country scatter plots of the energy consumption and real GDP, 2015 Figure 1 is a scatter plot showing the relationship between electric energy consumption (in billion Kilowatthours) and GDP (in real USD). Containing all one hundred seventy observations, a cluster in the bottom left corner is undeniable, given the exception of a few outliers. Figure 2 adjusts to show a clearer view of the majority of the data, excluding the top ten countries with the highest GDP. Figure 2. Zoomed in view of Figure 1 to exclude outliers Figure 3. Summary statistics for the year 2015   Figure 3 shows the descriptive statistics of each variable with the full one hundred seventy observations included. Results The following table, Figure 4, presents a summarization of the results from four separate regression tests performed on the dataset: As expected, the outcomes offer beta coefficients which estimate a positive correlation between each independent variable and the dependent variable. However, it is interesting to note that the intercept value is only statistically significant in the fourth regression, when all variables have been included. Simultaneously, the fourth regression possesses the highest R2 and adjusted R2, which proposes a reliable, positive relationship between the independent variables and electric energy consumption. Regardless of the insignificant intercept terms, each of the first three regressions is worth noting. In the first analysis, population alone is regressed against energy consumption. The coefficient on the population is positive and statistically significant at the 1% level. This indicates that countries with larger populations will, at least theoretically, have greater demand for electric energy. The magnitude of the coefficient estimator on population is minimal, such that a unitary increase in population will cause a subsequent increase in demand for electric energy by just 0.00000257; nevertheless, it is a positive influence, and that satisfies our originaly hypothesis. R2 and the adjusted R2 for this test are 0.56 and 0.55, respectively, indicating overall significance in explaining variance among the dependent variable. Land area is treated as the sole regressor in the second regression. Similar to the first regression, the coefficient on land area is positive and statistically significant at the 1% level. One key difference, however, is the value of the intercept term. The first regression shows a positive intercept, while the second has a negative one. The coefficient estimator value and magnitude are roughly the same though, with a value of 0.000232 and unsubstantial magnitude. R2 and the adjusted R2 are 0.48 and 0.47, respectively, signifying acceptable importance in explaining variance among the dependent variable. The final simple linear regression performed is the third test which considers GDP as the lone regressor. Again, like the previous two regressions, this test shows a positive coefficient on GDP that is statistically significant at the 1% level. The intercept value is positive, similar to the first regression and different from the second. The coefficient estimator is noticeably smaller in this regression, however, with a value of 0.000000000153. Such a low value suggests questionable magnitude and importance, especially when combined with the inferior R2 and adjusted R2 value of 0.43. The fourth and final regression completed is the test which regresses all three of our independent variables against energy consumption. This test is the only one which has a statistically significant intercept, but it is similar to the other regressions in that the coefficient on each independent variable is positive and significant at the 1% level. The values on the intercept, population term, land area term, and GDP term are as follows: -52.03, 0.00000136, 0.000129, and 0.0000000000498, respectively. The R2 and adjusted R2 share a value of 0.70, explaining an impressive percentage of variation among the dependent variable. Conclusion The analysis in this paper shows that GDP, population, and land area size all have a positive impact on energy consumption. These effects are statistically significant, even at the 1% level. My results match those of much of the existent literature, including Kraft and Kraft (1978), who use data from 1947 to 1974. This analysis confirms their findings using recent data, suggesting that experimental methodologies adopted by individual researchers may play a bigger role in variations among results than time periods do. The fact that there is such a lack of consensus among empirical results implies that policy makers should closely examine the techniques used to achieve the results they are given and thoroughly consider the differences in the economic structure of their country compared to countries included in studies. This is exactly what Ameyaw et al (2007) had in mind when they specified their test around Ghana’s data, improving applicability of the results to environmental and energy conservation policy makers in the country of Ghana. The conclusions above, however, are indeed subject to a number of limitations. First, it is unclear to what extent these results can be applied to any individual country. Looking at global policy decisions, it is arguable, based on my results, that energy conservation attempts would likely have no negative impact on economic growth and development. However, previous literature has proposed that the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption is likely to differ among diverse countries with unique economic structures and geographic conditions. Second, there may be a host of other variables that affect electric energy consumption, such as funding available for, technological advancement in, and national ability and willingness to adopt renewable energy sources as these sources may be more or less efficient and consequently alter our interpretation of the energy consumption data. Including such quantities in my regression would increase the precision of the estimations a nd simultaneously help to eliminate potential omitted variable bias. The ways in which economic growth impacts electric energy consumption are not necessarily clear. A rise in economic growth may be associated with an initial increase in CO2 emissions, which could worsen economic activity or encourage individuals to seek alternative energy sources. As a result, GDP would fall while renewable energy consumption would grow exponentially. Such investigations, however, are left for future research. Bibliography Ameyaw, B., Oppong, A., Abruquah, L. and Ashalley, E. (2017). Causality Nexus of Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth: An Empirical Evidence from Ghana. Open Journal of Business and Management, 05(01), pp.1-10. Cavanagh, T. (2017). Opinion | Why Is America Wasting So Much Energy?. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: [Accessed 2 Dec. 2017]. Data.worldbank.org. (2017). GDP, PPP (current international $) | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD [Accessed 2 Dec. 2017]. Eia.gov. (2015). International Energy Statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=0000002c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1urvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvnvvuvoct=0tl_id=2-Avs=INTL.2-2-AFG-BKWH.Avo=0v=Hend=2015 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2017]. Helmenstine, A. (2017). What Electrical Energy Is and How It Works. [online] ThoughtCo. Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/electrical-energy-definition-and-examples-4119325 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2017]. Kraft, J. and Kraft, A. (1978) On the Relationship between Energy and GNP. Journal of Energy Development, 3, 401-403. Mohanty, A. and Chaturvedi, D. (2015). Relationship between Electricity Energy Consumption and GDP: Evidence from India. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(2), pp.186-202. Pao, H., Li, Y. and Fu, H. (2014). Causality Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Brazil. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 05(08), pp.198-205.

Eats, Shoots and Leaves

In Eats, Shoots & Leaves, Lynne Truss is a highly determined stickler or, perfectionist, when it comes to punctuation. In the novel, she argues that everyday punctuation marks, such as the apostrophe, are being misused and humiliated in front of thousands of people. They helplessly droop in between the wrong letters on hundreds of grocer signs, articles, and even in newspapers. Lynne Truss makes a clear point as she works her way through despair, anger, humor, and confidence just wishing that people can join together to stop the mistreatment of punctuation in Eats, Shoots & Leaves. In my opinion, people like Lynne Truss have such a beef with poor punctuation, grammatical slip-ups, and faulty usage because they are meant to see the world and its issues on behalf of other citizens who are unaware of their surroundings. These perfectionists’ infatuation is seeing grammar used in its proper form and look forward in perceiving a day where everybody will be concerned with a misspelled stop sign. I believe that our world is full of these totally unconscious errors because many people are incredibly stingy and set on doing only what they suppose will help them prosper or obtain wellbeing. This is not correct, for every human being on this planet should not only care about their status, but should also be concerned with the faults that exist somewhere near them. The role that writing plays in my life is exceptionally huge since it is happening all the time and roughly everyday. English is something that is used in all school subjects, professions, and businesses so proper language grammatically is vital to all individuals. Not only do we use it constantly, but is appears as well on the television, the internet, etc. therefore appropriate spelling and grammar is significantly important. Even though I give the impression of being a stickler, I, in fact, am a slacker. The use of the suitable English language is awfully essential for a young high school child like me, but it has never really been a strong quality that I contain. When I reach a statement that I cannot recognize, it seems like too much of an effort for me to find a dictionary and research only one word, just like millions of other people out there. Maintaining proper English is crucial thus I try to write with as much concern about punctuation and grammar as possible and hope only to improve on this in the future.

Ged Essay Writing Samples Secrets

Ged Essay Writing Samples Secrets Add ideas for examples you need to have in your essay. Practicing the elements of excellent essay writing is helpful regardless of what topic you concentrate on. Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. You're not given a choice about what sort of essay you will write. Some ideas to pick the ideal essay writing service In order to learn to analyze the information provided and make the correct decision whilst reading the very best essay writing service reviews, you want to understand how to pick the ged practice essay qyestions service which are going to be able to cover all of your academic writing needs. Any of the aforementioned questions can be utilized as a GED essay topic, and you need to be prepared to react to such prompts. Besides regular essay instructions, a sample response is supplied for review. A summary of the word evidence on ged essay. This portion of the story is really not particularly special. If you obey the particular example through, it's simpler for the reader to learn what you mean. Ged Essay Writing Samples Fundamentals Explained Sample GED Extended Response passages are all very much like the ones you will notice on your true exam prompt, so they work nicely for familiarizing yourself with the form of reading you wi ll have to do. It is possible to likewise do the essays offered in the very first section of each one of the tests in the Official Study Guide. Part II is a test to figure out how well it is possible to use written language to spell out your ideas. Organization Being familiar with the fundamental elements of the GED Extended Response essay structure will help you once you're writing under time restrictions. These questions will allow you to increase your Accuplacer test score. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. This content isn't endorsed or accepted by ACE or GED Testing Service. Understanding how to read, write and solve problems is essential if you're planning to take the GED. A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment very quickly and can help you boost your grades. When it's tough to compose an essay in 45 minutes, begin by taking more time. You only have to put assignment for our writer team working with a distinctive form. You need to contact their scores, it into a well you're able to provide you're not endorsed or obtained. Questions will concentrate on specific regions of the exercise together with time constraints. Now it's your time to inform us whether you're content with the results. Stick to the fundamental rules of any. You begin by asking a question, which is a great way to get started. To begin with, you must realize that however much unpredictable the topic could be, practice still makes perfect sense. Have a look at each question carefully and take a small time to work out the topic and what type of answer is going to be expected. The only problem includes grammar problems like harmful rather than harm in the question at the start. Try to remember, you are going to want to support your primary idea with examples from the reading. At this time you could be thinking, Ughhh I need to read a lot of books to write on a huge project in this way. There are several things it is possible to write about! Very good examples can persuade your reader to realize your point of view whilst adding words to help you accomplish your 200-word limit. Don't forget that you're NOT writing your opinion on the subject. The most suitable selection of topic is vitally important. Actually, you may pick any topic which you find interesting. Otherwise, you are able to look around you and select an interesting social topic. Ged Essay Writing Samples - the Story On account of the increasing number of folks pursuing the GED, there's a demand for ideas on how to get ready for the test. Whenever you choose to ask us for skilled support, don't hesitate to get in touch with our support managers. More than being the end goal of an individual, gaining a GED certification has to be viewed as the launch of a nice and stable life. If you believe that you cannot cope with the task you'd better request expert assistance.